Features of dysfunctional states of the temporomandibular joint in patients with different types of facial skeletal growth (literature review)

Abstract

From previous research, diseases of the temporomandibular joint are a functional pathology and take a special place among diseases that affect both the joint and the structures surrounding it [1]. Disorders of the anatomical relationship between the components of the joint are the most common reason of temporomandibular joint dysfunction [2]. Patients with this disease need a thorough clinical and functional analysis, in order to identify the relationship between pathology and structural features of the facial skeleton.

Keywords

temporomandibular joint / dysfunction / diagnosis / risks / types of growth of the facial skeleton

References

[1] Wadhwa S, Kapila S. TMJ disorders: future innovations in diagnostics and therapeutics. J Dent Educ. 2008;72(8):930–47.

[2] Wadhwa S., Kapila S. TMJ disorders: future innovations in diagnostics and therapeutics. J Dent Educ. 2008;72(8):930–47.

[3] Bekreev VV. Diagnostics and complex treatment of diseases of the temporomandibular joint. [Diagnostika i kompleksnoe lechenie zabolevaniy visochno-nizhnechelyustnogo sustava]. [dissertation] Moscow; 2019. (in Russian) Available at: https://www.sechenov.ru/upload/medialibrary/a94/AVTOREFERAT-v-pechat.pdf.

[4] Бекреев В.В. Диагностика и комплексное лечение заболеваний височно-нижнечелюстного сустава: Дис. … док. мед. наук. М.; 2019. Available at: https://www.sechenov.ru/upload/medialibrary/a94/AVTOREFERAT-v-pechat.pdf.

[5] Shoohanizad E, Garajei A, Enamzadeh A, Yari A. Nonsurgical management of temporomandibular joint autoimmune disorders. AIMS Public Health. 2019;6(4):554–67. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2019.4.554.

[6] Shoohanizad E., Garajei A., Enamzadeh A., Yari A. Nonsurgical management of temporomandibular joint autoimmune disorders. AIMS Public Health. 2019;6(4):554–67. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2019.4.554.

[7] Iordanishvili AK, Ovchinnikov KA, Soldatova LN, Serikov AA, Samsonov VV. Optimization of diagnosis and assessment of effective treatmentof diseases of the temporomandibular joint and masticatory musclesin dental practice. Vestnik Severo-Zapadnogo gosudarstvennogo med-itsinskogo universiteta im. I.I. Mechnikova. 2015;7(4):31–7. (in Russian)

[8] Иорданишвили А.К., Овчинников К.А., Солдатова Л.Н., Сериков А.А., Самсонов В.В. Оптимизация диагностики и оценки эффективности лечения заболеваний височно-нижнечелюстного сустава и жевательных мышц в стоматологической практике. Вестник Севе-ро-Западного государственного медицинского университета им. И.И. Мечникова. 2015;7(4):31–7.

[9] Isaykin AI, Smirnova DS. Temporomandibular joint dysfunction. RMZh. 2017;25(24):1750–5. (in Russian)

[10] Исайкин А.И., Смирнова Д.С. Дисфункция височно-нижнечелюстного сустава. РМЖ. 2017;25(24):1750–5.

[11] Caldas W, Conti AC, Janson G, Conti PC. Occlusal changes secondary to temporomandibular joint conditions: a critical review and implica-tions for clinical practice. J Appl Oral Sci. 2016;24(4):411–9. doi: 10.1590/1678–775720150295.

[12] Caldas W., Conti A.C., Janson G., Conti P.C. Occlusal changes secondary to temporomandibular joint conditions: a critical review and impli-cations for clinical practice. J Appl Oral Sci. 2016;24(4):411–9. doi: 10.1590/1678–775720150295.

[13] Maini K, Dua A. Temporomandibular Joint Syndrome. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing; 2020.

[14] Maini K., Dua A. Temporomandibular Joint Syndrome. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing; 2020.

[15] Larheim TA, Westesson PL, Sano T. MR grading of temporomandibular joint fluid: association with disk displacement categories, condyle marrow abnormalities and pain. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001;30(2):104–12. doi: 10.1054/ijom.2000.0017.

[16] Larheim T.A., Westesson P.L., Sano T. MR grading of temporomandibular joint fluid: association with disk displacement categories, condyle marrow abnormalities and pain. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001;30(2):104–12. doi: 10.1054/ijom.2000.0017.

[17] Lee YH, Lee KM, Auh QS, Hong JP. Sex-related differences in symptoms of temporomandibular disorders and structural changes in the lat-eral pterygoid muscle after whiplash injury. J Oral Rehabil. 2019;46(12):1107–20. doi: 10.1111/joor.12845.

[18] Lee Y.H., Lee K.M., Auh Q.S., Hong J.P.Sex-related differences in symptoms of temporomandibular disorders and structural changes in the lateral pterygoid muscle after whiplash injury. J Oral Rehabil. 2019;46(12):1107–20. doi: 10.1111/joor.12845.

[19] Badel T, Marotti M, Pavicin IS, Basić-Kes V. Temporomandibular disorders and occlusion. Acta Clin Croat. 2012;51(3):419–24.

[20] Badel T., Marotti M., Pavicin I.S., Basić-Kes V. Temporomandibular disorders and occlusion. Acta Clin Croat. 2012;51(3):419–24.

[21] Jain A. идр. OSC28: relationship between occlusion schemes and temporomandibular disorders in Malaysian population. J Indian Prostho-dont Soc. 2018;18(Suppl1):S19. doi: 10.4103/0972–4052.244619.

[22] Jain A. идр. OSC28: relationship between occlusion schemes and temporomandibular disorders in Malaysian population. J Indian Prostho-dont Soc. 2018;18(Suppl 1):S19. doi: 10.4103/0972–4052.244619.

[23] Dorogin VE. An interdisciplinary approach to the diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of patients with temporomandibular joint dysfunc-tion. Sovremennye problemy nauki i obrazovaniya. 2017;(4):7. (in Russian)

[24] Дорогин В.Е. Междисциплинарный подход к диагностике, лечению и реабилитации пациентов с дисфункцией височ-но-нижнечелюстного сустава. Современные проблемы науки и образования. 2017;(4):7.

[25] Lebedenko IYu, Kalivradzhiyan ES. Prosthetic dentistry: Textbook. [Ortopedicheskaya stomatologiya: Uchebnik]. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2011. 640 p. (in Russian)

[26] Лебеденко И.Ю., Каливраджиян Э.С. Ортопедическая стоматология: Учебник. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа; 2011. 640 с.

[27] Talmaceanu D, Lenghel LM, Bolog N, Hedesiu M, Buduru S, Rotar H. et al. Imaging modalities for temporomandibular joint disorders: an update. Clujul Med. 2018;91(3):280–7. doi: 10.15386/cjmed-970.

[28] Talmaceanu D., Lenghel L.M., Bolog N., Hedesiu M., Buduru S., Rotar H. et al. Imaging modalities for temporomandibular joint disorders: an update. Clujul Med. 2018;91(3):280–7. doi: 10.15386/cjmed-970.

[29] Pichugina EN, Pichugina NN. Methods for diagnosing patients with occlusive disorders of the teeth and dentition in combination with pa-thology of the temporomandibular joint and masticatory muscles. Byulleten' meditsinskikh internet-konferentsiy. 2015;5(12):1750–2. (in Russian)

[30] Пичугина Е.Н., Пичугина Н.Н. Методы диагностики пациентов с окклюзионными нарушениями зубов и зубных рядов в сочетании с па-тологией височно-нижнечелюстного сустава и жевательных мышц. Бюллетень медицинских интернет-конференций. 2015;5(12):1750–2.

[31] Herpich CM, Amaral AP, Leal-Junior EC, Tosato Jde P, Gomes CA, Arruda ÉE. et al. Analysis of laser therapy and assessment methods in the rehabilitation of temporomandibular disorder: a systematic review of the literature. J Phys Ther Sci. 2015;27(1):295–301. doi: 10.1589/jpts.27.295.

[32] Herpich C.M., Amaral A.P., Leal-Junior E.C., Tosato Jde P., Gomes C.A., Arruda É.E. et al. Analysis of laser therapy and assessment methods in the rehabilitation of temporomandibular disorder: a systematic review of the literature. J Phys Ther Sci. 2015;27(1):295–301. doi: 10.1589/jpts.27.295.

[33] Mokshantsev DA, Mamchits EV. Modern methods of temporo-mandibular joint dysfunction diagnostic. Meditsinskaya nauka i obrazovanie Urala. 2015;16(3):183–6. (in Russian)

[34] Мокшанцев Д.А., Мамчиц Е.В. Современные методы диагностики дисфункции ВНЧС. Медицинская наука и образование Урала. 2015;16(3):183–6.

[35] Ponomarev AV. Modern aspects of pathogenesis and diagnosis of dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint (review of literature). Institut stomatologii. 2016;(2):80–1. (in Russian)

[36] Пономарев А.В. Современные аспекты патогенеза и диагностики дисфункции височно-нижнечелюстного сустава (обзор литературы). Институт стоматологии. 2016;(2):80–1.

[37] Moskovskiy AV, Vel'makina IV. Studying the role teleroentgenography skull in direct projection for early diagnosis syndrome muscu-lo-articular dysfunction of the temporomandibular join. Sovremennye problemy nauki i obrazovaniya. 2015;(5):373. (in Russian)

[38] Московский А.В., Вельмакина И.В. Изучение роли телерентгенографии черепа в прямой проекции для ранней диагностики синдрома мышечно-суставной дисфункции височно-нижнечелюстного сустава. Современные проблемы науки и образования. 2015;(5):373.

[39] Abu-Raisi SS, Ibrahim SA, Ajina MA, Ibrahim EA, Almulhim AY, Aljalal MA, Almajed ZS. Temporomandibular disorder among women who ex-perienced posttraumatic stress disorder after a miscarriage. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2019;9(5):445–52. doi: 10.4103/jispcd.JISPCD_394_18.

[40] Abu-Raisi S.S., Ibrahim S.A., Ajina M.A., Ibrahim E.A., Almulhim A.Y., Aljalal M.A., Almajed Z.S. Temporomandibular disorder among women who experienced posttraumatic stress disorder after a miscarriage. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2019;9(5):445–52. doi: 10.4103/jispcd.JISPCD_394_18.

[41] List T, Jensen RH. Temporomandibular disorders: old ideas and new concepts. Cephalalgia. 2017;37(7):692–704. doi: 10.1177/0333102416686302.

[42] List T., Jensen R.H. Temporomandibular disorders: old ideas and new concepts. Cephalalgia. 2017;37(7):692–704. doi: 10.1177/0333102416686302.

[43] Marangoni AF, de Godoy CH, Biasotto-Gonzalez DA, Alfaya TA, Fernandes KP, Mesquita-Ferrari RA, Bussadori SK. Assessment of type of bite and vertical dimension of occlusion in children and adolescents with temporomandibular disorder. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2014;18(3):435–40. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2013.10.001.

[44] Marangoni A.F., de Godoy C.H., Biasotto-Gonzalez D.A., Alfaya T.A., Fernandes K.P., Mesquita-Ferrari R.A., Bussadori S.K. Assessment of type of bite and vertical dimension of occlusion in children and adolescents with temporomandibular disorder. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2014;18(3):435–40. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2013.10.001.

[45] Lira MR, Lemes da Silva RR, Bataglion C, Aguiar AD, Greghi SM, Chaves TC. Multiple diagnoses, increased kinesiophobia? — Patients with high kinesiophobia levels showed a greater number of temporomandibular disorder diagnoses. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2019;44:102054. doi: 10.1016/j.msksp.2019.102054.

[46] Lira M.R., Lemes da Silva R.R., Bataglion C., Aguiar A.D., Greghi S.M., Chaves T.C. Multiple diagnoses, increased kinesiophobia? — Patients with high kinesiophobia levels showed a greater number of temporomandibular disorder diagnoses. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2019;44:102054. doi: 10.1016/j.msksp.2019.102054.

[47] Gogoleva AV, Kochetova MS. Comparative analysis of methods for studying lateral teleradiograms of the head in an orthodontics clinic. Byulleten' meditsinskikh internet-konferentsiy. 2014;4(4):368–9. (in Russian)

[48] Гоголева А.В., Кочетова М.С. Сравнительный анализ методик исследования боковых телерентгенограмм головы в клинике ортодонтии. Бюллетень медицинских интернет-конференций. 2014;4(4):368–9.

[49] Bernard VI, Zhuk AO. Features of the choice of the technique for calculating the teleroentgenogram in the lateral projection when planning orthodontic treatment. Byulleten' meditsinskikh internet-konferentsiy. 2013;3(2):361. (in Russian)

[50] Бернард В.И., Жук А.О. Особенности выбора методики расчета телерентгенограммы в боковой проекции при планировании ортодон-тического лечения. Бюллетень медицинских интернет-конференций. 2013;3(2):361.

[51] Khudoroshkov YuG, Ishmurzin PV. Occlusal predictors of mandibular articulation disorders in dysfunction of temporomandibular joint. Insti-tut stomatologii. 2015;(2):70–1. (in Russian)

[52] Худорошков Ю.Г., Ишмурзин П.В. Окклюзионные предикторы нарушений артикуляции нижней челюсти при дисфункции височ-но-нижнечелюстного сустава. Институт стоматологии. 2015;(2):70–1.

[53] Soikher MI, Orlova OR, Soikher MG, Amkhadova MA, Mingazova LR, Soikher EM. Botulinum therapy standard for myogenic syndrome reduc-tion in dental treatment complex plan. Meditsinskiy alfavit. 2018;2(8):33–7. (in Russian)

[54] Сойхер М.И., Орлова О.Р., Сойхер М.Г., Амхадова М.А., Мингазова Л.Р., Сойхер Е.М. Стандарт проведения ботулинотерапии с целью купирования миогенного синдрома в комплексном плане стоматологического лечения. Медицинский алфавит. 2018;2(8):33–7.

[55] Bekreev VV, Ivanov SYu, Burenchev DV, Gruzdeva TA, Yurkevich RI, Garamyan BG. Application of high-resolution ultrasonography in complex diagnosis of internal disorders of temporomandibular joint. Meditsinskiy alfavit. 2016;4(29):37–41. (in Russian)

[56] Бекреев В.В., Иванов С.Ю., Буренчев Д.В., Груздева Т.А., Юркевич Р.И., Гарамян Б.Г. Применение ультразвукового метода исследова-ния в комплексной диагностике внутренних нарушений ВНЧС. Медицинский алфавит. 2016;4(29):37–41.

[57] Dubova LV, Mel'nik AS, Stupnikov AA, Savel'ev VV. SComparative evaluation of kinesiography and electromyography indices in patients without signs of TMJ pathology and with musculo-articular dysfunction. Endodontiya Today. 2016;(2):11–5. (in Russian)

[58] Дубова Л.В., Мельник А.С., Ступников А.А., Савельев В.В. Сравнительная оценка показателей кинезиографии и электромиографии у пациентов без признаков патологии ВНЧС и с мышечно-суставной дисфункцией. Эндодонтия Today. 2016;(2):11–5.

[59] dos Santos Berni KC, Dibai-Filho AV, Fernandes Pires P, Rodrigues-Bigaton D. Accuracy of the surface electromyography RMS processing for the diagnosis of myogenous temporomandibular disorder. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2015;25(4):596–602. doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2015.05.004.

[60] dos Santos Berni K.C., Dibai-Filho A.V., Fernandes Pires P., Rodrigues-Bigaton D. Accuracy of the surface electromyography RMS processing for the diagnosis of myogenous temporomandibular disorder. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2015;25(4):596–602. doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2015.05.004.

[61] López-Cedrún J, Santana-Mora U, Pombo M, Pérez Del Palomar A, Alonso De la Peña V, Mora MJ, Santana U. Jaw biodynamic data for 24 pa-tients with chronic unilateral temporomandibular disorder. Sci Data. 2017;4:170168. doi: 10.1038/sdata.2017.168.

[62] López-Cedrún J., Santana-Mora U., Pombo M., Pérez Del Palomar A., Alonso De la Peña V., Mora M.J., Santana U. Jaw biodynamic data for 24 patients with chronic unilateral temporomandibular disorder. Sci Data. 2017;4:170168. doi: 10.1038/sdata.2017.168.

[63] Muradyan EN. Prospects of application in dentistry axiograp. Mezhdunarodnyy studencheskiy nauchnyy vestnik. 2016;(2):11. (in Russian)

[64] Мурадян Э.Н. Перспективы применения аксиографии в стоматологии. Международный студенческий научный вестник. 2016;(2):11.

[65] Strandstrem IM. Clinical and pathophysiological features of temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome: clinical picture, diagnosis, treatment. [Klinicheskie i patofiziologicheskie osobennosti sindroma disfunktsii visochno-nizhnechelyustnogo sustava: klinika, diagnostika, lechenie]. [dissertation] Moscow; 2004. (in Russian) Available at: https://www.dissercat.com/content/klinicheskie-i-patofiziologi-chesVkie-osobennosti-sindroma-disfunktsii-visochno-nizhnechelyust.

[66] Страндстрем И.М. Клинические и патофизиологические особенности синдрома дисфункции височно-нижнечелюстного сустава: клиника, диагностика, лечение: Дис. ... канд. мед. наук. М.; 2004. URL: https://www.dissercat.com/content/klinicheskie-i-patofiziologicheskie-osobennosti-sindroma-disfunktsii-visochno-nizhnechelyust.

[67] Racich MJ. Occlusion, temporomandibular disorders, and orofacial pain: an evidence-based overview and update with recommendations. J Prosthet Dent. 2018;120(5):678–85. doi: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2018.01.033.

[68] Racich M.J. Occlusion, temporomandibular disorders, and orofacial pain: an evidence-based overview and update with recommendations. J Prosthet Dent. 2018;120(5):678–85. doi: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2018.01.033.

[69] Kampe T, Tagdae T, Bader G, Edman G, Karlsson S. Reported symptoms and clinical findings in a group of subjects with longstanding bruxing behaviour. J Oral Rehabil. 1997;24(8):581–7. doi: 10.1046/j.1365–2842.1997.00540.x.

[70] Kampe T., Tagdae T., Bader G., Edman G., Karlsson S. Reported symptoms and clinical findings in a group of subjects with longstanding brux-ing behaviour. J Oral Rehabil. 1997;24(8):581–7. doi: 10.1046/j.1365–2842.1997.00540.x.

[71] Postnikov MA, Slesarev OV, Andriyanov DA. The anatomical ratio of bone elements of the temporomandibular joint in patients 6–12 and 12–15 years old with malocclusion class II. Sovremennye problemy nauki i obrazovaniya. 2017;(3):51. (in Russian)

[72] Постников М.А., Слесарев О.В., Андриянов Д.А. Анатомическое соотношение костных элементов височно-нижнечелюстного сустава у пациентов 6–12 лет и 12–15 лет с дистальной окклюзией. Современные проблемы науки и образования. 2017;(3):51.

[73] de Kanter RJ, Battistuzzi PG, Truin GJ. Temporomandibular disorders: “Occlusion” Matters! Pain Res Manag. 2018;2018:8746858. doi: 10.1155/2018/8746858.

[74] de Kanter R.J., Battistuzzi P.G., Truin G.J. Temporomandibular disorders: “Occlusion” Matters! Pain Res Manag. 2018;2018:8746858. doi: 10.1155/2018/8746858.

[75] Michelotti A, Farella M, Gallo LM, Veltri A, Palla S, Martina R. Effect of occlusal interference on habitual activity of human masseter. J Dent Res. 2005;84(7):644–8. doi: 10.1177/154405910508400712.

[76] Michelotti A., Farella M., Gallo L.M., Veltri A., Palla S., Martina R. Effect of occlusal interference on habitual activity of human masseter. J Dent Res. 2005;84(7):644–8. doi: 10.1177/154405910508400712.

[77] Moreno-Hay I, Okeson JP. Does altering the occlusal vertical dimension produce temporomandibular disorders? A literature review. J Oral Rehabil. 2015;42(11):875–82. doi: 10.1111/joor.12326.

[78] Moreno-Hay I., Okeson J.P. Does altering the occlusal vertical dimension produce temporomandibular disorders? A literature review. J Oral Rehabil. 2015;42(11):875–82. doi: 10.1111/joor.12326.

[79] Greven M, Otsuka T, Zutz L, Weber B, Elger C, Sato S. The amount of TMJ displacement correlates with brain activity. Cranio. 2011;29(4):291–6. doi: 10.1179/crn.2011.043.

[80] Greven M., Otsuka T., Zutz L., Weber B., Elger C., Sato S. The amount of TMJ displacement correlates with brain activity. Cranio. 2011;29(4):291–6. doi: 10.1179/crn.2011.043.

[81] Slavicek R. Relationship between occlusion and temporomandibular disorders: implications for the gnathologist. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;139(1):10,12,14passim. doi: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2010.11.011.

[82] Slavicek R, Sato S. Bruxism — a function of the masticatory organ to cope with stress. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2004;154(23–24):584–9. (in German) doi: 10.1007/s10354–004-0129–1.

[83] Slavicek R., Sato S. Bruxism — a function of the masticatory organ to cope with stress. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2004;154(23–24):584–9. (in German) doi: 10.1007/s10354–004-0129–1.

[84] Ricketts RM. A foundation for cephalometric communication. Am J Orthod. 1960;46(5):330–57. doi: 10.1016/0002–9416(60)90047–6.

[85] Ricketts R.M. A foundation for cephalometric communication. Am J Orthod. 1960;46(5):330–57. doi: 10.1016/0002–9416(60)90047–6.

[86] Woods MG. The mandibular muscles in contemporary orthodontic practice: a review. Aust Dent J. 2017;62(Suppl 1):78–85. doi: 10.1111/adj.12481.

[87] Woods M.G. The mandibular muscles in contemporary orthodontic practice: a review. Aust Dent J. 2017;62(Suppl 1):78–85. doi: 10.1111/adj.12481.

[88] Lobbezoo F, Van Der Zaag J, Naeije M. Bruxism: its multiple causes and its effects on dental implants — an updated review. J Oral Rehabil. 2006;33(4):293–300. doi: 10.1111/j.1365–2842.2006.01609.x.

[89] Lobbezoo F., Van Der Zaag J., Naeije M. Bruxism: its multiple causes and its effects on dental implants — an updated review. J Oral Rehabil. 2006;33(4):293–300. doi: 10.1111/j.1365–2842.2006.01609.x.

[90] Proffit WR, Fields HW. Occlusal forces in normaland long-face children. J Dent Res. 1983;62(5):571–4. doi: 10.1177/00220345830620051301.

[91] Proffit W.R., Fields H.W. Occlusal forces in normaland long-face children. J Dent Res. 1983;62(5):571–4. doi: 10.1177/00220345830620051301.

[92] Weijs WA, Hillen B. Correlations between the cross-sectional area of the jaw muscles and craniofacial size and shape. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1986;70(4):423–31. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330700403.

[93] Weijs W.A., Hillen B. Correlations between the cross-sectional area of the jaw muscles and craniofacial size and shape. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1986;70(4):423–31. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330700403.

[94] Wong A, Woods MG, Stella D. Three-dimensional computed tomographic assessment of mandibular muscles in growing subjects with dif-ferent vertical facial patterns. Aust Orthod J. 2016;32(1):2–17.

[95] Wong A., Woods M.G., Stella D. Three-dimensional computed tomographic assessment of mandibular muscles in growing subjects with dif-ferent vertical facial patterns. Aust Orthod J. 2016;32(1):2–17.

[96] Sakar O, Calişir F, Marşan G, Oztaş E. Evaluation of the effects of temporomandibular joint disc displacement and its progression on den-tocraniofacial morphology in symptomatic patients using posteroanterior cephalometric analysis. Cranio. 2013;31(1):23–31. doi: 10.1179/crn.2013.004.

[97] Sakar O., Calişir F., Marşan G., Oztaş E. Evaluation of the effects of temporomandibular joint disc displacement and its progression on den-tocraniofacial morphology in symptomatic patients using posteroanterior cephalometric analysis. Cranio. 2013;31(1):23–31. doi: 10.1179/crn.2013.004.

[98] Ciancaglini R, Colombo-Bolla G, Gherlone EF, Radaelli G. Orientation of craniofacial planes and temporomandibular disorder in young adults with normal occlusion. J Oral Rehabil. 2003;30(9):878–86. doi: 10.1046/j.1365–2842.2003.01070.x.

[99] Ciancaglini R., Colombo-Bolla G., Gherlone E.F., Radaelli G. Orientation of craniofacial planes and temporomandibular disorder in young adults with normal occlusion. J Oral Rehabil. 2003;30(9):878–86. doi: 10.1046/j.1365–2842.2003.01070.x.

[100] Bavia PF, Rodrigues Garcia RC. Vertical craniofacial morphology and its relation to temporomandibular disorders. J Oral Maxillofac Res. 2016;7(2):e6. doi: 10.5037/jomr.2016.7206.

[101] Bavia P.F., Rodrigues Garcia R.C. Vertical craniofacial morphology and its relation to temporomandibular disorders. J Oral Maxillofac Res. 2016;7(2):e6. doi: 10.5037/jomr.2016.7206.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Eco-Vector