Bilateral anogenital mammary-like glands lactating in the puerperium. A clinical case

Natalya V. Kulagina , Dmitry S. Sudakov , Mikhail S. Dobrovolsky

Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases ›› 2024, Vol. 73 ›› Issue (2) : 137 -148.

PDF
Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases ›› 2024, Vol. 73 ›› Issue (2) : 137 -148. DOI: 10.17816/JOWD626636
Clinical practice guidelines
research-article

Bilateral anogenital mammary-like glands lactating in the puerperium. A clinical case

Author information +
History +
PDF

Abstract

This article presents a rare case of a woman having bilateral anogenital mammary-like glands, lactating in the postpartum period, and a surgical solution to the problem. The histology of the removed tissue corresponded to the morphology of the breast during lactation. No complications occurred after surgery.

Keywords

ectopic breast tissue / supernumerary breast / anogenital area / vulva / anogenital mammary-like glands / lactation / puerperium

Cite this article

Download citation ▾
Natalya V. Kulagina, Dmitry S. Sudakov, Mikhail S. Dobrovolsky. Bilateral anogenital mammary-like glands lactating in the puerperium. A clinical case. Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases, 2024, 73(2): 137-148 DOI:10.17816/JOWD626636

登录浏览全文

4963

注册一个新账户 忘记密码

References

[1]

Mayer RB, Enengl S, Witzany H, et al. Postpartum galactostasis of the vulva in a case of bilateral lactating ectopic breast tissue. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(1):138–140. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000003313

[2]

Mayer R.B., Enengl S., Witzany H., et al. Postpartum galactostasis of the vulva in a case of bilateral lactating ectopic breast tissue // Obstet Gynecol. 2019. Vol. 134, N. 1. P. 138–140. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000003313

[3]

Lee E-S, Kim I. Multiple vulvar lactating adenomas. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;118(2):478–480. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31821ecaa2

[4]

Lee E.-S., Kim I. Multiple vulvar lactating adenomas // Obstet Gynecol. 2011. Vol. 118, N. 2. P. 478–480. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31821ecaa2

[5]

Swanson LA, Sharain RF, Gruenberg JM, et al. Ectopic breast tissue of the vulva in a post-partum woman. Int J Women’s Dermatol. 2020;6(3):236–237. doi: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2020.03.036

[6]

Swanson L.A., Sharain R.F., Gruenberg J.M., et al. Ectopic breast tissue of the vulva in a post-partum woman // Int J Women’s Dermatol. 2020. Vol. 6, N. 3. P. 236–237. doi: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2020.03.036

[7]

Sahu S, Husain M, Sachan P. Bilateral accessory breast. The Internet Journal of Surgery. 2007;17(2). Available from: https://print.ispub.com/api/0/ispub-article/6741

[8]

Sahu S., Husain M., Sachan P. Bilateral accessory breast // The Internet Journal of Surgery. 2007. Vol. 7, N. 2. Available from: https://print.ispub.com/api/0/ispub-article/6741

[9]

Al-Badawi IA, Al-Sabban M. Unilateral ectopic mammary-like tissue in the vulva. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2014;36(11):951. doi: 10.1016/S1701-2163(15)30403-5

[10]

Al-Badawi I.A., Al-Sabban M. Unilateral ectopic mammary-like tissue in the vulva // J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2014. Vol. 36, N. 11. P. 951. doi: 10.1016/S1701-2163(15)30403-5

[11]

Ahmed S, Ding C, Shelat VG. Ectopic breast tissue in the vulva masquerading as an abscess. Singapore Med J. 2020;61(5):281–282. doi: 10.11622/smedj.2018121

[12]

Ahmed S., Ding C., Shelat V.G. Ectopic breast tissue in the vulva masquerading as an abscess // Singapore Med J. 2020. Vol. 61, N. 5. P. 281–282. doi: 10.11622/smedj.2018121

[13]

Kajava Y. The proportions of supernumerary nipples in the Finnish population. Duodecim. 1915;1:143–170

[14]

Kajava Y. The proportions of supernumerary nipples in the Finnish population // Duodecim. 1915. Vol. 1. P. 143–170.

[15]

Surcel E, Koljonen V. Kajava Classification: the person and the research. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2023;47(5):2177–2178. doi: 10.1007/s00266-023-03451-7

[16]

Surcel E., Koljonen V. Kajava classification: the person and the research // Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2023. Vol. 47, N. 5. P. 2177–2178. doi: 10.1007/s00266-023-03451-7

[17]

Sibirskaya EV, Argun MZ, Li K, et al. Developmental anomalies of mammary glands. Difficult Patient. 2021;19(6):40–44. EDN: CWUAOR doi: 10.224412/2074-1005-2021-6-40-44

[18]

Сибирская Е.В., Аргун М.З., Ли К., и др. Аномалии развития молочных желез // Трудный пациент. 2021. Т. 19б, № 6. С. 40–44. EDN: CWUAOR doi: 10.224412/2074-1005-2021-6-40-44

[19]

Javed A, Lteif A. Development of the human breast. Semin Plast Surg. 2013;27(1):5–12. doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1343989

[20]

Javed A., Lteif A. Development of the human breast // Semin Plast Surg. 2013. Vol. 27, N. 1. P. 5–12. doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1343989

[21]

Mareti E, Vatopoulou A, Spyropoulou GA, et al. Breast disorders in adolescence: a review of the literature. Breast Care. 2021;16(2):149–155. doi: 10.1159/000511924

[22]

Mareti E., Vatopoulou A., Spyropoulou G.A., et al. Breast disorders in adolescence: a review of the literature // Breast Care. 2021. Vol. 16, N. 2. P. 149–155. doi: 10.1159/000511924

[23]

Pieh-Holder KL. Lactational ectopic breast tissue of the vulva: case report and brief historical review. Breastfeed Med. 2013;8:223–225. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2012.0128

[24]

Pieh-Holder K.L. Lactational ectopic breast tissue of the vulva: case report and brief historical review // Breastfeed Med. 2013. Vol. 8. P. 223–225. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2012.0128

[25]

Saribekyan EK, Efanov VV, Shirokikh IM, et al. Accessory breast. Clinical case. Research’n Practical Medicine Journal. 2015;2(4):77–81. EDN: SYQXRM doi: 10.17709/2409-2231-2015-2-4-77-81

[26]

Сарибекян Э.К., Ефанов В.В., Широких И.М., и др. Добавочные молочные железы. Случай из клинической практики // Исследования и практика в медицине. 2015. Т. 2, № 4. С. 77–81. EDN: SYQXRM doi: 10.17709/2409-2231-2015-2-4-77-81

[27]

Song Y, Zhang J, Liu Z, et al. Periclitoral accessory breast tissue in a lactating woman: a case report. Medicine. 2018;97(43). doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000012936.

[28]

Song Y., Zhang J., Liu Z., et al. Periclitoral accessory breast tissue in a lactating woman: a case report // Medicine. 2018. Vol. 97, N. 43. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000012936.

[29]

Godoy-Gijón E, Yuste-Chaves M, Santos-Briz A, et al. Accessory breast on the vulva. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2012;103(3):229–232. doi: 10.1016/j.ad.2011.02.015

[30]

Godoy-Gijón E., Yuste-Chaves M., Santos-Briz A., et al. Accessory breast on the vulva // Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2012. Vol. 103, N. 3. P. 229–232. doi: 10.1016/j.ad.2011.02.015

[31]

Tow SH, Shanmugaratnam K. Supernumerary mammary gland in the vulva. Br Med J. 1962; 2(5314):1234–1236. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5314.1234

[32]

Tow S.H., Shanmugaratnam K. Supernumerary mammary gland in the vulva // Br Med J. 1962. Vol. 2, N. 5314. P. 1234–1236. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5314.1234

[33]

Hartung E. Ueber einen fall von mamma accessoria. Inaugural — Abhandlung der medicinischen Facultät zu Erlangen. Erlangen, 1872 (In Ger.) [cited 12.02.2024]. Available from: https://archive.org/details/b22300387/page/12/mode/thumb

[34]

Hartung E. Ueber einen fall von mamma accessoria. Inaugural — Abhandlung der medicinischen Facultät zu Erlangen. Erlangen, 1872. Режим доступа: https://archive.org/details/b22300387/page/12/mode/thumb. Дата обращения: 12.02.2024.

[35]

Duvvur S, Sotres M, Lingam K, et al. Ectopic breast tissue of the vulva. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2007l;27(5):530–531. doi: 10.1080/01443610701467333

[36]

Duvvur S., Sotres M., Lingam K., et al. Ectopic breast tissue of the vulva // J Obstet Gynaecol. 2007. Vol. 27, N. 5. P. 530–531. doi: 10.1080/01443610701467333

[37]

Mikhael S, Nilsson W, Patel K, et al. Ectopic breast tissue of the vulva in a postmenopausal woman. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol. 2017;2017. doi: 10.1155/2017/7581750

[38]

Mikhael S., Nilsson W., Patel K., et al. Ectopic breast tissue of the vulva in a postmenopausal woman // Case Rep Obstet Gynecol. 2017. Vol. 2017. doi: 10.1155/2017/7581750

[39]

Lev-Cohain N, Kapur P, Pedrosa I. Vulvar fibroadenoma with lactational changes in ectopic breast tissue. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol. 2013;2013. doi: 10.1155/2013/924902

[40]

Lev-Cohain N., Kapur P., Pedrosa I. Vulvar fibroadenoma with lactational changes in ectopic breast tissue // Case Rep Obstet Gynecol. 2013. Vol. 2013. doi: 10.1155/2013/924902

[41]

Levin N, Diener RL. Bilateral ectopic breast of the vulva. Report of a case. Obstet Gynecol. 1968;32(2):274–276.

[42]

Levin N., Diener R.L. Bilateral ectopic breast of the vulva. Report of a case // Obstetr gynecol. 1968. Vol. 32, N. 2. P. 274–276.

[43]

Reeves KO, Kaufman RH. Vulvar ectopic breast tissue mimicking periclitoral abscess. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1980;137(4):509–511. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(80)91138-2

[44]

Reeves K.O., Kaufman R.H. Vulvar ectopic breast tissue mimicking periclitoral abscess // Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1980. Vol. 137, N. 4. P. 509–511. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(80)91138-2

[45]

Kapila K, Al-Rabah NA, Junaid TA. Ectopic breast tissue on the vulva diagnosed by fine needle aspiration. Acta Cytol. 1998;42(6):1480–1481. doi: 10.1159/000332190

[46]

Kapila K., Al-Rabah N.A., Junaid T.A. Ectopic breast tissue on the vulva diagnosed by fine needle aspiration // Acta Cytol. 1998. Vol. 42, N. 6. P. 1480–1481. doi: 10.1159/000332190

[47]

Basu S, Bag T, Saha KS, et al. Accessory breast in the perineum. Trop Doct. 2003;33(4):245. doi: 10.1177/004947550303300420

[48]

Basu S., Bag T., Saha K.S., et al. Accessory breast in the perineum // Trop Doct. 2003. Vol. 33, N. 4. P. 245. doi: 10.1177/004947550303300420

[49]

Bardsley M, Petterson C. Ectopic breast tissue presenting as a persistent vulval cyst. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2004;44(2):166–167. doi: 10.1111/j.1479-828X.2004.00201.x

[50]

Bardsley M., Petterson C. Ectopic breast tissue presenting as a persistent vulval cyst // Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2004. Vol. 44, N. 2. P. 166–167. doi: 10.1111/j.1479-828X.2004.00201.x

[51]

Pathak S, Preston J. A rare case of multiple accessory breast tissue in the axillae, lower abdomen and vulval areas. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2007;27(5):531–533. doi: 10.1080/01443610701467473

[52]

Pathak S., Preston J. A rare case of multiple accessory breast tissue in the axillae, lower abdomen and vulval areas // J Obstet Gynaecol. 2007. Vol. 27, N. 5. P. 531–533. doi: 10.1080/01443610701467473

[53]

Larson S, Yang S, Chacko-Stacey A, et al. Self-resolving vulvar breast tissue arising in the post-partum setting: a case report and review of literature. J Hum Lact. 2020;36(2):348–351. doi: 10.1177/0890334419849593

[54]

Larson S., Yang S., Chacko-Stacey A., et al. Self-resolving vulvar breast tissue arising in the post-partum setting: a case report and review of literature // J Hum Lact 2020. Vol. 36, N. 2. P. 348–351. doi: 10.1177/0890334419849593

[55]

Baradwan S, Wadi KA. Unilateral ectopic breast tissue on vulva in postpartum woman: a case report. Medicine. 2018;97(6). doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000009887

[56]

Baradwan S., Wadi K.A. Unilateral ectopic breast tissue on vulva in postpartum woman: a case report // Medicine. 2018. Vol. 97, N. 6. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000009887

[57]

Lightman SL, Windle RJ, Wood SA, et al. Peripartum plasticity within the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis. Prog Brain Res. 2001;133:111–129. doi: 10.1016/s0079-6123(01)33009-1

[58]

Lightman S.L., Windle R.J., Wood S.A., et al. Peripartum plasticity within the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis // Prog Brain Res. 2001. Vol. 133. P. 111–129. doi: 10.1016/s0079-6123(01)33009-1

[59]

Neville MC, Morton J. Physiology and endocrine changes underlying human lactogenesis II. J Nutr. 2001;131(11):3005S–3008S. doi: 10.1093/jn/131.11.3005S

[60]

Neville M.C., Morton J. Physiology and endocrine changes underlying human lactogenesis II // J Nutr. 2001. Vol. 131, N. 11. P. 3005S–3008S. doi: 10.1093/jn/131.11.3005S

[61]

Tomer L, Toschi N, Nava G, et al. Increased hypothalamic expression of prolactin in lactation involvement in behavioral and neuroendocrine stress responses. Eur J Neurosci. 2002;15(8):1381–1389. doi: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.01965.x

[62]

Tomer L., Toschi N., Nava G., et al. Increased hypothalamic expression of prolactin in lactation involvement in behavioral and neuroendocrine stress responses // Eur J Neurosci. 2002. Vol. 15, N. 8. P. 1381–1389. doi: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.01965.x

[63]

Budanov PV. Physiology and pathology of lactation. Eurasian Union of Scientists. 2019;9–3:20–33. EDN: DPQJML doi: 10.31618/ESU.2413-9335.2019.3.66.311

[64]

Буданов П.В. Физиология и патология лактации // Евразийский союз ученых. 2019. № 9–3(66). С. 20–33. EDN: DPQJML doi: 10.31618/ESU.2413-9335.2019.3.66.311

[65]

Gugliotta P, Fibbi ML, Fessia L, et al. Lactating supernumerary mammary gland tissue in the vulva. Appl Pathol. 1983;1(2):61–65.

[66]

Gugliotta P., Fibbi M.L., Fessia L., et al. Lactating supernumerary mammary gland tissue in the vulva // Appl Pathol. 1983. Vol. 1, N. 2. P. 61–65.

[67]

Dhaoui A, Nfoussi H, Kchir N, et al. Vulvar lactating adenoma associated to a fibroadenoma: common neoplasms in an uncommon site. Pan Afr Med J. 2012;13:47.

[68]

Dhaoui A., Nfoussi H., Kchir N., et al. Vulvar lactating adenoma associated to a fibroadenoma: common neoplasms in an uncommon site // Pan Afr Med J. 2012. Vol. 13. P. 47.

[69]

Van der Putte SC. Mammary-like glands of the vulva and their disorders. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1994;13(2):150–160. doi: 10.1097/00004347-199404000-00009

[70]

Van der Putte S.C. Mammary-like glands of the vulva and their disorders // Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1994. Vol. 13, N. 2. P. 150–160. doi: 10.1097/00004347-199404000-00009

[71]

Thiryayi SA, Rouzbahman M, Ghazarian D. A case of postpartum anogenital mammary-like gland tumor with focal lactational features: a nomenclature issue. Case Rep Pathol. 2019;2019. doi: 10.1155/2019/6703248.

[72]

Thiryayi S.A., Rouzbahman M., Ghazarian D. A case of postpartum anogenital mammary-like gland tumor with focal lactational features: a nomenclature issue // Case Rep Pathol. 2019. Vol. 2019. doi: 10.1155/2019/6703248

[73]

Konstantinova AM, Belousova IE, Kacerovska D, et al. Morphology of anogenital mammary-like glands. Vestnik SPbSU. Medicine. 2017;12(1):83–93. EDN: ZDOTAX doi: 10.21638/11701/spbu11.2017.107

[74]

Константинова А.М., Белоусова И.Э., Кацеровска Д., и др. Морфология аногенитальных маммаро-подобных желез // Вестник СПбГУ. Медицина. 2017. Т. 12, № 1. С. 83–93. EDN: ZDOTAX doi: 10.21638/11701/spbu11.2017.107

[75]

Van der Putte SC. Anogenital “sweat” glands. Histology and pathology of a gland that may mimic mammary glands. Am J Dermatopathol. 1991;13(6):557–567.

[76]

Van der Putte S.C. Anogenital “sweat” glands. Histology and pathology of a gland that may mimic mammary glands // Am J Dermatopathol. 1991. Vol. 13, N. 6. P. 557–567.

[77]

Konstantinova AM. Histological concept and classification of formations of anogenital mammary-like glands [dissertation]. Saint Petersburg; 2021. (In Russ.)

[78]

Константинова А.М. Гистологическая концепция и классификация образований аногенитальных маммаро-подобных желез: автореф. … дис. доктора мед. наук. Санкт Петербург, 2021.

[79]

Willman J, Golitz L, Fitzpatrick J. Vulvar clear cells of Toker: precursors of extramammary Paget’s disease. Am J Dermatopathol. 2005;27(3):185–188. doi: 10.1097/01.dad.0000158291.20440.13

[80]

Willman J., Golitz L., Fitzpatrick J. Vulvar clear cells of Toker: precursors of extramammary Paget’s disease // Am J Dermatopathol. 2005. Vol. 27, N. 3. P. 185–188. doi: 10.1097/01.dad.0000158291.20440.13

[81]

McClain CM, Deavers M, Sauls CD, et al. Hidradenoma papilliferum associated with pregnancy: a case report. J Cutaneous Pathology. 2015;42(12):983–986. doi: 10.1111/cup.12586

[82]

McClain C.M., Deavers M., Sauls C.D., et al. Hidradenoma papilliferum associated with pregnancy: a case report // J Cutaneous Pathology. 2015. Vol. 42, N. 12. P. 983–986. doi: 10.1111/cup.12586

[83]

O’Hara M, Page D. Adenomas of the breast and ectopic breast under lactational influences. Hum Pathol. 1985;16(7):707–712. doi: 10.1016/s0046-8177(85)80156-8

[84]

O’Hara M., Page D. Adenomas of the breast and ectopic breast under lactational influences // Hum Pathol. 1985. Vol. 16, N. 7. P. 707–712. doi: 10.1016/s0046-8177(85)80156-8

[85]

Kurashige Y, Kishida K, Kurashige K, et al. Hidradenoma papilliferum of the vulva in association with an anogenital mammary-like gland. J Dermatol. 2014;41(5):411–413. doi: 10.1111/1346-8138.12433

[86]

Kurashige Y., Kishida K., Kurashige K., et al. Hidradenoma papilliferum of the vulva in association with an anogenital mammary-like gland // J Dermatol. 2014. Vol. 41, N. 5. P. 411–413. doi: 10.1111/1346-8138.12433

[87]

Sanchita D, Ruchi J. Unilateral Ectopic breast tissue in the vulva — a diagnostic dilemma. J Midlife Health. 2023;14(1):46–48. doi: 10.4103/jmh.jmh_209_22

[88]

Sanchita D., Ruchi J. Unilateral ectopic breast tissue in the vulva — a diagnostic dilemma // J Midlife Health. 2023. Vol. 14, N. 1. P. 46–48. doi: 10.4103/jmh.jmh_209_22

[89]

Mansouri G, Alkatout I, Iranpour M, et al. Unexpected presentation of accessory breast: vulvar accessory breast tissue: a case report // J Med Case Rep. 2023;17(1):189. doi: 10.1186/s13256-023-03930-0

[90]

Mansouri G., Alkatout I., Iranpour M., et al. Unexpected presentation of accessory breast: vulvar accessory breast tissue: a case report // J Med Case Rep. 2023. Vol. 17, N. 1. P. 189. doi: 10.1186/s13256-023-03930-0

[91]

Buitrago-Flechas SM, Barrera-Latorre SJ, Morante-Caicedo C. Ectopic mammary tissue in vulva: case report and systematic literature review. Rev Colomb Obstet Ginecol. 2021;72(3):271–290. doi: 10.18597/rcog.3593

[92]

Buitrago-Flechas S.M., Barrera-Latorre S.J., Morante-Caicedo C. Ectopic mammary tissue in vulva: case report and systematic literature review // Rev Colomb Obstet Ginecol. 2021. Vol. 72, N. 3. P. 271–290. doi: 10.18597/rcog.3593

[93]

Ardell S., Udayasankar V. Ectopic breast tissue in the vulva in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2021;43(5):541. doi: 10.1016/j.jogc.2019.09.026

[94]

Ardell S., Udayasankar V. Ectopic breast tissue in the vulva in pregnancy // J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2021. Vol. 43, N. 5. P. 541. doi: 10.1016/j.jogc.2019.09.026

[95]

Zhang L, Yao XL, Zhu X, et al. Ectopic breast tissue of the vulva. Pol J Pathol. 2023;74(2):141–143. doi: 10.5114/pjp.2023.128787

[96]

Zhang L., Yao X.L., Zhu X., et al. Ectopic breast tissue of the vulva // Pol J Pathol. 2023. Vol. 74, N. 2. P. 141–143. doi: 10.5114/pjp.2023.128787

[97]

Wagner IJ, Damitz LA, Carey E, et al. Bilateral accessory breast tissue of the vulva: a case report introducing a novel labiaplasty technique. Ann Plast Surg. 2013;70(5):549–552. doi: 10.1097/SAP.0b013e31827ead39

[98]

Wagner I.J., Damitz L.A., Carey E., et al. Bilateral accessory breast tissue of the vulva: a case report introducing a novel labiaplasty technique // Ann Plast Surg. 2013. Vol. 70, N. 5. P. 549–552. doi: 10.1097/SAP.0b013e31827ead39

[99]

Kazakov DV, Spagnolo DV, Kacerovska D, et al. Lesions of anogenital mammary-like glands: an update. Adv Anat Pathol. 2011;18(1):1–28. doi: 10.1097/PAP.0b013e318202eba5

[100]

Kazakov D.V., Spagnolo D.V., Kacerovska D., et al. Lesions of anogenital mammary-like glands: an update // Adv Anat Pathol. 2011. Vol. 18, N. 1. P. 1–28. doi: 10.1097/PAP.0b013e318202eba5.

[101]

Scarabin C, Koskas M, Bornes M, et al. Gigantomastia and vulvar lactating adenoma in a patient with myasthenia during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;203(4):e5–8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.07.001

[102]

Scarabin C., Koskas M., Bornes M., et al. Gigantomastia and vulvar lactating adenoma in a patient with myasthenia during pregnancy // Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010. Vol. 203, N. 4. P. e5–8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.07.001

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Eсо-Vector

AI Summary AI Mindmap
PDF

134

Accesses

0

Citation

Detail

Sections
Recommended

AI思维导图

/