Neuroimmunoendocrine support of general biological organism reactions to adverse external factors

Abstract

This paper presents the summarized information on the mechanisms of neuroimmunoendocrine organism reaction to external adverse impacts (irrespective of their etymology), and on the key elements in these reactions development. It is found that adverse external factors are responsible for a change of an organism’s functional state, involving neuroendocrinal and immune systems in the (stress) reaction formation. Neuroendocrinal and immune systems act like coordinators of the intersystemic and interorgan relations in the setting of both adaptive and pathological processes. The combination of feed-forward and feedback (positive and negative) connections controlled by hormones, neuromediators, neuropeptides, cytokines and their corresponding receptors, serves as the basis of neuroendocrinal and immune systems interaction. Through mediators and hormones, the neuroendocrinal system modulates the immune system, and the latter can modulate functions of the former due to its cytokine network. Along with humoral mechanisms, the vagal nerve which enables the «reflectory» control of immunity, is the key component of the system providing the functional unity of nervous and immune system. The conversion of immune signals to neural ones is done through activation of vagal afferent fibers by proinflammatory cytokines, whereas its efferent fibers, forming the «cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway», ensure the descending central nervous system effects which prevent the hyperactivation of innate and adaptive immune reactions. The body balance control is based on the integrative activity of nervous, endocrinal and immune systems – both under normal and pathological conditions (traumas, infections, stress, physical and chemical exposures, etc). The systematization of information about the coordinated neuroimmunoendocrine interaction provides background for theoretical underpinning of the upcoming trends in search of means and ways to correct the negative influence of adverse external factors on a living organism.

Keywords

adverse external factors / stress / inflammation / cytokines / mediators / hormones / neuroendocrinal system / immune system / immunomodulators

References

[1] Абрамов, В.В. Интерлейкин-1 в цитокиновой сети: фундаментальные и прикладные аспекты / В.В. Абрамов, Т.Я. Абрамова // Успехи соврем. биол. – 2007. – Т. 127, № 6. – С. 570–579.

[2] Акмаев, И.Г. Нейроиммуноэндокринные взаимодействия: экспериментальные и клинические аспекты / И.Г. Акмаев // Сахарный диабет. – 2002. – № 1. – C. 2–10.

[3] Повещенко, А.Ф. Цитокины – факторы нейроэндокринной регуляции / А.Ф. Повещенко, В.В. Абрамов, В.А. Козлов // Успехи физиол. наук. – 2007. – Т. 38, № 3. – C. 40–46.

[4] Самотруева, М.А. Нейроиммуноэндокринология: современные представления о молекулярных механизмах / М.А. Самотруева [и др.] // Immunology. – 2017. – Т. 38, № 1. – С. 49–59.

[5] Сепсис: пожар и бунт на тонущем в шторм корабле: монография. В 3 частях. Часть 1. Триггеры воспаления. Рецепция триггеров воспаления и сигнальная трансдукция / под ред. Н.Н. Плужникова. С.В. Чепура, О.Г. Хурцилавы. – СПб.: СЗГМУ им. И.И. Мечникова, 2018. – 232 с.

[6] Скворцова, Р.Г. Генерализация нейроэндокринных связей на уровне стресс-реакций / Р.Г. Скворцова // Сиб. мед. журн. – 1999. – № 19 (4). - С. 61–64.

[7] Татаркин, А.А. Нейроиммуноэндокринные взаимодействия в системе межклеточной функциональной многоуровневой регуляции гомеостаза / А.А. Татаркин, Н.Д. Татаркина, Б.Г. Андрюков // Здоровье. Мед. экол. наука. – 2010. – № 3 (43). – C. 13–17.

[8] 8.Филаретов, А.А. Закономерности функционирования гипоталамо-гипофизирно-адренокортикальной системы / А.А. Филаретов // Успехи физиол. наук. – 1993. – № 2 (24). – C. 70–83.

[9] Besedovsky, H. O. Immune-neuro-endocrine interactions: facts and hypotheses / H. O. Besedovsky, A. del Rey // Endocr. Rev. – 1996. – № 17 (1). – P. 64–102.

[10] Godoy, L.D., A comprehensive overview on stress neurobiology: basic concepts and clinical implications / L.D. Godoy [et al.] // Front. Behav. Neurosci. – 2018. – № 12. – P. 127.

[11] Dantzer, R. Тeuroimmune interactions: from the brain to the immune system and vice versa / R. Dantzer // Physiol Rev. – 2018. – № 98 (1). – P. 477–504.

[12] Dhabhar, F.S. Stress-induced redistribution of immune cells - from barracks to boulevards to battlefields: a tale of three hormones – Curt Richter award winner / F.S. Dhabhar [et al.] // Psychoneuroendocrinology. – 2012. – № 37 (9). – P. 1345–1368.

[13] Dunn, A. J. Infection as a stressor: a cytokine-mediated activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis? / A. J. Dunn // Ciba Found Symp. – 1993. – Vol. 172. – P. 226–239.

[14] Frank, M.G., Stress-induced glucocorticoids as a neuroendocrine alarm signal of danger / M.G. Frank, L.R. Watkins, S.F. Maier // Brain Behav. Immun. – 2013. – Vol. 33. – P. 1–6.

[15] Licinio, J. The neuroimmune-endocrine axis: pathophysiological implications for the central nervous system cytokines and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal hormone dynamics / J. Licinio, P. Frost // Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. –2000. –№ 33 (10). – P. 1141–1148.

[16] Nance, D. M. Autonomic innervation and regulation of the immune system (1987-2007) / D. M. Nance, V.M. Sanders // Brain Behav. Immun. – 2007. –№ 21 (6). – P. 736–745.

[17] Pavlov, V.A. Molecular and functional neuroscience in immunity / V.A. Pavlov, S.S. Chavan, K.J. Tracey // Annu. Rev. Immunol. – 2018. – № 26 (36). – P. 783–812.

[18] Smith, S.M. The role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in neuroendocrine responses to stress / S.M. Smith, W.W. Vale // Dialogues in clinical neurosci. – 2006. – № 8 (4). – P. 383–395.

[19] Sorrells, Sh. F. An Inflammatory review of glucocorticoid actions in the CNS / Sh. F. Sorrells R. M. Sapolsky // Brain Behav Immun. – 2007. – Vol. 21 (3). – P. 259–272.

[20] Strehl, C. Glucocorticoids-all-rounders tackling the versatile players of the immune system / C. Strehl [et al.] // Front Immunol. – 2019. – № 24 (10). –Р. 1744.

[21] Taceuchi, O. Pattern recognition receptors and inflammation / O. Taceuchi, Sh. Akira // Cell. – 2010. – Vol. 140, № 6. – P. 805–820.

[22] Tracey, K.J. Physiology and immunology of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway / K.J. Tracey // J. Clin. Invest. – 2007. – № 117 (2). – P. 289–296.

[23] Tracey, K.J. Reflex control of immunity / K.J. Tracey // Nat. Rev. Immunol. – 2009. – № 9. – P. 418–428.

[24] Turnbull, A.V. Regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by cytokines: actions and mechanisms of action / A.V. Turnbull, C.L. Rivier // Physiol. Rev. – 1999. – № 79 (1). – P. 1–71.

[25] Yang, C. Altered neuroendocrine immune responses, a two-sword weapon against traumatic inflammation / C. Yang [et al.] // Int. J. Biol. Sci. – 2017. – Vol. 13 (11). – P. 1409–1419.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Stepanov A.V., Seleznev A.B., Ponomarev D.B., Apchel V.Y., Ovchinnikova A.S.