B-lymphocytes family and their functions

Abstract

The characteristics of currently known subpopulations of B-lymphocytes are presented. There are at least four subpopulations of B-lymphocytes distinct in their phenotype, location, mechanism of differentiation, and properties: lymphocytes B-1 and B-2-lymphocytes of the marginal zone of the spleen, and follicular lymphocytes. The B-2-cells (CD19+CD5–CD27– CD45+) are the main subpopulation producing highly specific antibodies; they respond to various protein antigens recognized through specific surface immunoglobulin receptors. They need T-helpers for recognizing antigenic peptides in the composition of main histocompatibility complex class II. Antibodies synthesized by B-2-lymphocytes are usually monospecific. It is the main form of development of an adaptive immune response. The B-1 (CD19+CD5+CD27–CD45+) and the spleen cells serve as immediate protection against pathogens. This is facilitated by the localization of B-1-lymphocytes in the abdominal and pleural cavities of the body and in the marginal zone of the spleen. Together they provide an early immune response to T-independent antigens. The main isotype of antibodies is immunoglobulins M, but there is also the formation of immunoglobulins G3 (especially in viral infections) and immunoglobulins A in the mucosal layer of the intestine. The B-1-cells and the lymphocytes of the marginal zone of the spleen belong to the system of innate immunity. In some situations, the activation of B-1- cells may contribute to the formation of a pool of autoreactive cells, which may be inducers of autoimmune processes. CD5+ B-cells play a significant role in the formation of autoantibodies. The follicular B-cells, unlike other B-lymphocytes, are capable of minor lymph recirculation, weakly provide the development of T-independent and T-dependent responses, synthesize mainly G1 immunoglobulin isotypes, and have weak proliferation in response to stimulation by lipopolysaccharides.

Keywords

lymphocytes / immunoglobulins / antigens / phenotype / antibodies / immunity / receptor / cells / isotype / interleukin

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