Epidemiological effectiveness of domestic influenza vaccines in cases with vaccination against a new coronavirus infection in 2022–2023

Abstract

The study presents the results of an epidemiological prospective field cohort study on a comparative assessment of the epidemiological effectiveness of domestic inactivated influenza vaccines and vaccines against new coronavirus infection during immunization of adults aged >18 years. Statistically significant differences were found in the incidence of influenza, acute upper respiratory infections, and new coronavirus infection between the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups. The etiologies of cases of acute upper respiratory infections registered in the study participants during the epidemic season of influenza in 2022–2023 were verified. The clinical symptoms of influenza in the vaccinated group were significantly less severe than those in the unvaccinated group. No significant differences were found in the clinical picture of acute upper respiratory infections between the compared groups. Influenza immunoprophylaxis is an urgent problem, which consists of the ability of viruses to change their antigenic structure and avoid immunity, remaining in constant circulation. Thus, the antigenic composition of influenza vaccines must be systematically updated to ensure the formation of effective population immunity. More studies on the etiological spectrum of respiratory pathogens and assessment of the epidemiological effectiveness of vaccination against vaccine-controlled infections in the analyzed groups are needed. Therefore, to assess immunological protection, including the assessment of the epidemiological effectiveness of seasonal vaccines used against influenza and new coronavirus infection, the priority age group includes individuals aged 18–25 years (especially those belonging to organized collectives) and adults with an unfavorable premorbid background. The use of domestic vaccines against influenza and the new coronavirus infection for specific immunoprophylaxis is generally recognized as the most effective sanitary and anti-epidemic (preventive) measure in the morbidity management of several infectious diseases.

Keywords

vaccination / immunity / influenza / new coronavirus infection / acute respiratory infections of the upper respiratory tract / epidemiological efficacy / immunoprophylaxis

References

[1] Global Influenza Program. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO). 2010. P. 2–6.

[2] Глобальная программа по гриппу. Женева: Всемирная организация здравоохранения (ВОЗ). 2010. С. 2–6. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44518/9789241548090_eng.pdf?sequence=1 https://web.archive.org/web/20030628031708/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/surveillance/en/

[3] Belov AB, Ogarkov PI. Current issues of epidemiology and immunization respiratory infection in the population and the military. Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention. 2012;1(62):4–11. (In Russ.).

[4] Белов А.Б., Огарков П.И. Актуальные вопросы эпидемиологии и иммунопрофилактики воздушно-капельных инфекций у населения и военнослужащих // Эпидемиология и вакцинопрофилактика. 2012. № 1(62). С. 4–11.

[5] Akimkin VG, Salmina TA, Shevtsov VA, Kalabukhova LYu. Assessment of the sanitary and epidemiological situation on the incidence of influenza A(H1N1)sw-09 in organized collectives of the Moscow region. Infection Diseases. 2010;8(1):12. (In Russ.)

[6] Акимкин В.Г., Салмина Т.А., Шевцов В.А., Калабухова Л.Ю. Оценка санитарно-эпидемиологической обстановки по заболеваемости гриппом А(Н1N1)sw-09 в организованных коллективах Московского региона // Инфекционные болезни. 2010. Т. 8, № 1. С. 12.

[7] Belov AB, Ogarkov PI. Epidemiology and prophylaxis of influenza and other acute respiratory infections occurred in the 32 military collectives. Military Medical Journal. 2005;326(3):31–38. (In Russ.)

[8] Белов А.Б., Огарков П.И. Эпидемиология и профилактика гриппа и других острых респираторных инфекций в воинских коллективах // Военно-медицинский журнал. 2005. Т. 326, № 3. С. 31–38.

[9] Belov AB, Ogarkov PI. Epidemiological aspects of the influenza «pandemia» during 2009-2010 years. Voenno-meditsinskii Zhurnal. 2010;(11):37–41. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.17816/RMMJ75172

[10] Белов А.Б., Огарков П.И. Эпидемиологические аспекты «пандемии» гриппа 2009–2010 гг. // Военно-медицинский журнал. 2010. Т. 331, № 11. С. 37–41. DOI: 10.17816/RMMJ75172

[11] Grohskopf LA, Alyanak E, Broder KR, et al. Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices – United States, 2020–21 Influenza Season. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2020;69(8):1–24. DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.rr6908a1

[12] Grohskopf L.A., Alyanak Е., Broder K.R., et al. Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices – United States, 2020–21 Influenza Season // MMWR Recomm Rep. 2020. Vol. 69, No. 8. Р. 1–24. DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.rr6908a1

[13] Dinleyici EC, Borrow R, Safadi MAP, et al. Vaccines and routine immunization strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2021;17(2):400–407. DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1804776

[14] Dinleyici E.C., Borrow R., Safadi M.A.P., et al. Vaccines and routine immunization strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic // Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2021. Vol. 17, No. 2. Р. 400–407. DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1804776

[15] Gostin LO, Salmon DA. The Dual Epidemics of COVID-19 and Influenza: Vaccine Acceptance, Coverage, and Mandates. JAMA. 2020;324(4):335–336. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.10802

[16] Gostin L.O., Salmon D.A. The Dual Epidemics of COVID-19 and Influenza: Vaccine Acceptance, Coverage, and Mandates // JAMA. 2020. Vol. 324, No. 4. Р. 335–336. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.10802

[17] Singer VD. COVID-19 and the next influenza season. Sci Adv. 2020;6(31):eabd0086. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd0086

[18] Singer В.D. COVID-19 and the next influenza season // Sci Adv. 2020. Vol. 6, No. 31. P. eabd0086. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd0086

[19] Doyle JD, Chung JR, Kim SS, et al. Interim Estimates of 2018–19 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness – United States, February 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68(6):135–139. DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6806a2

[20] Doyle J.D., Chung J.R., Kim S.S., et al. Interim Estimates of 2018–19 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness – United States, February 2019 // MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019. Vol. 68, No. 6. Р. 135–139. DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6806a2

[21] Paget J, Caini S, Cowling B, et al. The impact of influenza vaccination on the COVID-19 pandemic? Evidence and lessons for public health policies. Vaccine. 2020;38(42):6485–6486. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.024

[22] Paget J., Caini S., Cowling B., et al. The impact of influenza vaccination on the COVID-19 pandemic? Evidence and lessons for public health policies // Vaccine. 2020. Vol. 38, No. 42. Р. 6485–6486. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.024

[23] Maltezo HC, Theodoridou K., Poland G. Influenza immunization and COVID-19. Vaccine. 2020;38(39):6078–6079. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.07.058

[24] Maltezo H.C., Theodoridou К., Poland G. Influenza immunization and COVID-19 // Vaccine. 2020. Vol. 38, No. 39. Р. 6078–6079. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.07.058

[25] Grech V, Borg M. Influenza vaccination in the COVID-19 era. Early Hum Dev. 2020;148:105116. DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105116

[26] Grech V., Borg M. Influenza vaccination in the COVID-19 era // Early Hum Dev. 2020. No. 148. Р. 105116. DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105116

[27] Kuznetsov OK, Stepanova LA, Churikova AA, еt al. Population immunity to the seasonal influenza is the main factor limiting the global epidemic 2009 – 2010. A(H1N1). Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention. 2010;(4):9–17. (In Russ.).

[28] Кузнецов О.К., Степанова Л.А., Чурикова А.А., и др. Популяционный иммунитет к сезонному гриппу как основной фактор, ограничивающий глобальную эпидемию 2009–2010 годов // Эпидемиология и Вакцинопрофилактика. 2010. № 4(53). С. 9–17.

[29] Kryukov EV, Trishkin D V, Ivanov AM, et al. Comparative cohort epidemiological study of collective immunity against new coronavirus infection among different groups of military personnel. Annals of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. 2021;76(6):661–668. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.15690/vramn1583

[30] Крюков Е.В., Тришкин Д.В., Иванов А.М., и др. Эпидемиологическое исследование коллективного иммунитета против новой коронавирусной инфекции среди разных групп военнослужащих // Вестник Российской академии медицинских наук. 2021. Т. 76, № 6. С. 661–668. DOI: 10.15690/vramn1583

[31] Kasyanenko KV, Kozlov KV, Maltsev OV, et al. Evaluation of the effectiveness of riamilovir in the complex therapy of COVID-19 patients. Therapeutic Archive. 2021;93(3):290–294. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2021.03.200719

[32] Касьяненко К.В., Козлов К.В., Мальцев О.В., и др. Оценка эффективности риамиловира в комплексной терапии больных COVID-19 // Терапевтический архив. 2021. Т. 93, № 3. С. 290–294. DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2021.03.200719

[33] Kasyanenko KV, Maltsev OV, Kozlov KV, et al. Clinical Efficiency and Safety of Riamilovir for Treating Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Antibiotics and Chemotherapy. 2020;65(11–12):16–21. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.37489/0235-2990-2020-65-11-12-16-21

[34] Касьяненко К.В., Мальцев О.В., Козлов К.В., и др. Клиническая эффективность и безопасность применения риамиловира при лечении пациентов с инфекцией, вызванной SARS-CoV-2 // Антибиотики и химиотерапия. 2020. Т. 65, № 11–12. С. 16–21. DOI: 10.37489/0235-2990-2020-65-11-12-16-21

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Eco-Vector