The most common histological type of RCC is clear cell carcinoma. Although in 70% of the cases renal cancer is diagnosed at the localized stage, metastases develop in more than a half of the patients after surgical treatment. Resistance of RCC against chemotherapy and radiotherapy is the reason of high mortality rate of patients with metastatic renal cancer. Understanding of molecular mechanisms of tumor formation and growth would allow for the development of new diagnostic and prognostic markers, and new treatment strategies of malignant tumors. In this article we discuss the novel trends in the field of treatment of kidney malignant diseases. In particular, we address the questions of prospects and problems of gene therapy approaches for the treatment of kidney cancer. During the recent years we have investigated the DUSP9 gene. This paper summarizes our own data and the results of other investigations of the properties and functions of DUSP9 gene. We conclude that DUSP9 can be considered as a new biomarker for clear cell carcinoma, as well as the gene for kidney cancer gene therapy.

This review is devoted to the recovery of peripheral nerves after injury. The prevalence of injuries of nerves and lack of knowledge about the mechanisms of regeneration of peripheral nerve fibers determine the actuality of the problem. Characteristics of the main methods for selective immunohistochemical detection of neuronal markers, proteins of axonal transport, markers of Schwann cells and myelin sheaths are given in the review. Methods of retrograde labeling of motoneurons and sensory neurons are also characterized. The most interesting results of recent experimental studies using these methods are given in the review. There are two basic strategies to connect the segments of nerve damage: the use of biodegradable scaffolds and conduits and the application of stem cells. Stem cells are source of the growth and trophic factors. This paper contains the necessary information about the complicated and efficient methods of molecular and cellular analysis used in studying of the mechanisms of recovery processes which develop in the nervous system after injury. The widespread use of these morphological approaches should help improve the efficiency of scientific research on the development of new medical technologies.

The work presentsthe study of materials especially the immune system changes, including Treg lymphocytes in patients with acute and chronic cerebral ischemia. Changes in the immune status of the patients seen in reducing the total number of T-lymphocytes. It is shown that in patients with cerebrovascular diseases, changes in the functional state of cells and, in particular, in the system of Treg cells responsible for immune suppression.