Proteins and peptides involved in realization of the protective functions of mixed saliva: antimicrobial peptides, proline-rich proteins and peptides

Abstract

Mixed saliva is an important barrier preventing pathogens invasion. Despite many years of research on the protective factors of saliva, the functional significance of some of them has not yet been disclosed. The fraction of proline-rich proteins and their proteolytic fragments are the major component in mixed saliva, but the functions of these peptides still remain poorly understood. Various diseases of the oral cavity are a common problem for humans, especially for elderly patients, which undoubtedly determines the relevance of studies aimed at clarifying the role of protective molecules of the innate immunity — antimicrobial peptides and poorly studied cationic proline-rich polypeptides in the pathogenesis of these diseases. The purpose of the review is summarizing the data available in the literature revealing the molecular mechanisms of the participation of certain protein components of mixed human saliva — antimicrobial peptides (alpha- and beta-defensins, cathelicidin, histatins, etc.) and proline-rich cationic proteins and peptides (secrets of the parotid glands) in the implementation of its protective functions at normal conditions and under various types of pathology. Based on the analysis of the literature, we can conclude that when studying the biological activity of protective factors of mixed saliva, it is necessary to take into account that each of these compounds implements its effects in tight interaction with other salivary components, modulating their activity. In particular, it can be assumed that functions of proline-rich proteins and peptides of the oral fluid are largely carried out as a result of intermolecular interactions with antimicrobial peptides.

Keywords

mixed saliva / proline-rich peptides / antimicrobial peptides

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