Changes in cytokine profile as a criterion for severity prediction of skin toxicity in cancer patients receiving epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Globally, colorectal cancer is the third most diagnosed cancer with an increased incidence of 1.93 million cases in 2020 according to World Health Organization. Approximately one quarter of the initial manifestations of colorectal cancer are metastatic, and 40–50% of individuals with early-stage disease eventually develop metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Targeted drugs, which include epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors (EGFRi), are a frequent choice in the therapy of metastatic colorectal cancer. Clinical observations and in vivo studies have established a significant association between the administration of EGFRi drugs and skin inflammation, particularly acute in the first 3 months. However, the role of proinflammatory cytokines in the formation of severe skin lesions has not been definitively studied. Here we present clinical evidence of the involvement of a few cytokines in the formation of the pathologic cascade of reactions during EGFR blockade on keratinocyte membranes.

AIM: Evaluation of changes in cytokine profile parameters based on the MILLIPLEX Analyte MAP panel to identify predictors of the severity of unwanted skin toxicity associated with epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Blood serum samples from 81 patients aged 18–80 years who were taking EGFRi for oncologic disease and had adverse dermatologic reactions of severity 2 or more were analyzed. The data were analyzed using SPSS software and R 4.3.1 programming language and tidyverse, rstatix packages. Detected changes with p <0.05 were analyzed considering subgroup analysis on the basis of selected cutaneous toxicity severity degrees based on the criteria developed by the US National Cancer Institute NCI-CTC v. 4.

RESULTS: Blocking of EGF receptor inhibits the expression and release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is the main inducer of vascular proliferation, the consequence of which is inflammation of vascular endothelium of skin capillaries. Significant increase of IFN-γ and decrease of IFN-α2 level was found in patients with manifestations of skin toxicity of 2 and more severity degree. Also, a significant criterion of severity of the skin process was an increase in the level of TNF-α. At such dissociation there is induction of STING protein (interferon gene stimulator) and increase of TNF-β production that, in its turn, leads to increase of concentration of proinflammatory cytokines G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-α2, IFN-γ, IL-15, IL-17A, IL-1β, IL-3, IL-6, IL-8, IP-10, TNF-α, TGF-α, IL-9. This contributes not only to the maintenance of tissue inflammation, but also to the formation of a vicious circle leading to an increase in the severity of class-mediated inflammatory response against the background of further EGFRi administration.

CONCLUSION: Determination of predictors of severity of adverse dermatologic reactions is extremely important for predicting the development of severity and further personalized tactics for correction of adverse events.

Keywords

cytokine / skin toxicity / epidermal growth factor / metastatic colorectal cancer / interleukin / immune response

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