DIAGNOSTICS AND TREATMENT OF FOREIGN BODIES IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT IN CHILDREN. A LITERATURE REVIEW

Abstract

Foreign bodies in the gastrointestinal tract in children is one of the most challenging clinical scenarios which pediatric surgeons and gastroenterologists face. Previously published materials demonstrate that 80% of foreign bodies pass spontaneously through the gastrointestinal digestive tract without any harm to the child’s health, while 20% require endoscopic and/or surgical intervention, since delay in treatment can cause serious life-threatening complications. The present review discusses prevalence of foreign body ingestion in children. It also describes in detail controversial aspects of current diagnostic and treatment modalities.

Keywords

foreign body ingestion / gastrointestinal tract / bowel perforation / magnets / bezoars / children

References

[1] Веселый С.В., Сопов Г.А., Латышов К.В. инородные тела желудочно- кишечного тракта у ребенка. Детская хирургия. 2012; 16(1): 50-1

[2] Goldner F., Danley D. Enzymatic digestion of esophageal meat impaction. A study of Adolph’s Meat Tenderizer. Dig Dis Sci. 1985; 30: 456-9.

[3] Cheung K.M., Oliver M.R., Cameron D.J., et al. Esophageal eosinophilia in children with dysphagia. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2003; 37: 498-503.

[4] Miao D., Young S.L., Golden C.D. A meta-analysis of pica and micronutrient status. Am J Hum Biol. 2015; 27(1): 84-93.

[5] Raboei E.H., Syed S.S., Maghrabi M. et al. Management of button battery stricture in 22-day-old neonate. Eur. J. Ped. Surg. 2009; 19: 130-131.

[6] Соколов Ю.Ю., Донской Д.В., Ионов Д.В., Коровин С.А., Воробьев В.В., Соловова В.П., Туманян Г.Т Классификация и лечебная тактика при инородных телах желудочно-кишечного тракта у детей. Детская хирургия. 2017; 21(3): 127-30

[7] Serious injuries prompt recall of Mattel’s Polly pocket magnetic play sets. https://www.cpsc.gov/Recalls/2006/serious-injuries-prompt-recall-of-mattels-pollypocket-magneticplay-sets 2006, Accessed date: 4 September 2017

[8] Бабич И.И., Багновский И.О. Инородные тела пищеварительного тракта у детей. Российский вестник детской хирургии, анестезиологии и реаниматологии. 2017; 7(4): 26-30

[9] Dine M., McGovern M., Intentional poisoning of children. An overlooked category of child abuse. Report of 7 cases and review of the literature. Pediatrics. 1982; 70: 32-5.

[10] Uyemura M.C., Foreign body ingestion in children, Am. Fam. Physician 2005;72 (2): 287.

[11] Ikenberry S.O., Jue T.L., Anderson M.A., et al. Management of ingested foreign bodies and food impactions. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 73: 1085-91

[12] Румянцева Г.Н., Минько Т.Н., Никифорова Л.М., Светлов В.В., Галахова Д.Г., Бревдо Ю.Ф., Инородные тела верхних отделов пищеварительного тракта у детей. Кремлевская медицина. Клинический вестник. 2014; 2: 16-20

[13] Stephanie C., Donald K., Anthony M. Chronic Esophageal Foreign Bodies and Secondary Mediastinitis in Children. Annals of Otology Rhinohgy & Laryngology. 2011; 120 (8): 542-5.

[14] Robert E. Kramer, Diana G. Lerner, Tom Lin, Michael Manfredi, Manoj Shah, Thomas C. Stephen Management of Ingested Foreign Bodies in Children JPGN. 2015; 60(4).

[15] Tupesis J.P., Kaminski A., Patel H., Howes D., A penny for your thoughts: small bowel obstruction secondary to coin ingestion, J. Emerg. Med. 2004; 27 (3): 249-52.

[16] Litovitz T.L., Klein-Schwartz W., White S. et al. 2000 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emerg Med. 2001;19: 337-95.

[17] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Injuries from batteries among children aged №13 years- United States, 1995-2010. MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly. Rep. 2012: 61: 661-700.

[18] Litovitz, T., Whitaker, N., Clark, L. et al. Emerging battery-ingestion hazard: clinical implication. Pediatrics. 2010;125 (6):1168-77.

[19] Sharpe, S.J., Rochette, L.M., Smith, G.A. Pediatric battery-related emergency department visits in the United States, 1990-2009. Pediatrics. 2012; 129: 1111-9.

[20] Banerjee, R., Rao, G.V., Sriram, P.V. et al. Button battery ingestion. Indian J. Pediatr. 2005: 72: 173-5.

[21] Bekhof, J., Norbruis, O., Scheenstra, R. et. al. Babies and batteries. Lancet. 2004; 364(8): 708-9.

[22] Marom, T., Goldfarb, A., Russo, E. et al. Battery ingestion in children. Intern. J. Ped. Otorhinolaryngol. 2010;74: 849-54.

[23] Brumbaugh D.E., Colson S.B., Sandoval J.A. et al. Management of button battery-induced hemorrhage in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2011; 52: 585-9.

[24] Chung J.H., Kim J.S., Song Y.T. Small bowel complication caused by magnetic foreign body ingestion of children: two case reports. J PediatrSurg. 2003; 38(10): 1548-50.

[25] Honzumi M., Shigemori C., Ito H. et al. An intestinal fistula in a 3-year-old child caused by the ingestion of magnets: report of a case. Surg Today. 1995; 25(6): 552-3.

[26] Hernandez Anselmi E., Gutierrez San Roman C., Barrios Fontoba J.E., et al. Intestinal perforation caused by magnetic toys. J Pediatr Surg. 2007; 42(3): E13.

[27] Vijaysadan V, Perez M, Kuo D. Revisiting swallowed troubles: intestinal complications caused by two magnets-a case report, review and proposed revision to the algorithmfor the management of foreign body ingestion. J Am Board Fam Med. 2006; 19(5): 511-6.

[28] Abbas M.I., Oliva-Hemker M., Choi J. et al. Magnet ingestions in children presenting toUS emergency departments, 2002-2011. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013; 57(1): 18-22.

[29] Agbo C., Lee L., Chiang V. et al. Magnet-related injury rates in children: a single hospitalexperience. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013; 57(1): 14-7.

[30] Strickland M., Rosenfield D., Fecteau A. Magnetic foreign body injuries: a large pediatric hospital experience. J Pediatr. 2014; 165(2): 332-5.

[31] Mowry J.B., Spyker D.A., Brooks D.E. et al. 2014 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System (NPDS): 32nd annual report. ClinToxicol (Phila). 2015; 53(10): 962-1147.

[32] Naji H., Isacson D., Svensson J.F. et al. Bowel injuries caused by ingestion of multiple magnets in children: a growing hazard. Pediatr Surg Int. 2012; 28(4): 367-74.

[33] Nui A., Hirama T., Katsuramaki T. et al. An intestinal volvulus caused by multiple magnet ingestion: an unexpected risk in children. J PediatrSurg. 2005; 40(9): e9-11.

[34] Child’s death prompts replacement program of magnetic building sets. https://www.cpsc.gov/Recalls/2006/childs-death-prompts-replacement-program-of magnetic building- sets; 2006, Accessed date: 4 September 2017.

[35] CPSC. Starts rulemaking to develop new Federal Standard for hazardous, high powered magnet sets. https://www.cpsc.gov/content/cpsc-starts-rulemaking-todevelopnew-federal-standard-for-hazardous-high-powered-magnet; 2012, Accessed date: 4 September 2017

[36] CPSC. Warns high-powered magnets and children make a deadly mix. https://www.cpsc.gov/content/cpsc-warns-high-powered-magnets-and-children-make-adeadlymix; 2011, Accessed date: 4 September 2017.

[37] Butterworth J., Feltis B. Toy magnet ingestion in children: revising the algorithm. J Pediatr Surg. 2007; 42(12): e3.

[38] Waters A.M., Teitelbaum D.H., Thorne V. et al. Surgical management and morbidity of pediatric magnet ingestions. J Surg Res. 2015; 199(1): 137-40.

[39] Reilly B.K., Stool D., Chen X. et al. Foreign body injury in children in the twentieth century: a modern comparison to the Jackson collection. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2003; 67 (suppl 1): 171-4.

[40] Cheng W., Tam P.K. Foreign-body ingestion in children: experience with 1265 cases. J Pediatr Surg. 1999; 34: 1472-6.

[41] Gregori D., Scarinzi C., Morra B. et al. Ingested foreign bodies causing complications and requiring hospitalization in European children: results from the ESFBI study. Pediatr Int. 2010; 52: 26-32.

[42] Farmakakis T., Dessypris N., Alexe D.M., et al. Magnitude and object specific hazards of aspiration and ingestion injuries among children in Greece. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2007; 71: 317-24.

[43] Aydog˘du S., Arikan C., Cakir M. et al. Foreign body ingestion in Turkish children. Turk J Pediatr. 2009; 51: 127-32.

[44] Aktay A.N., Werlin S.L. Penetration of the stomach by an accidentally ingested straight pin. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2002; 34: 81-2.

[45] Goh B.K., Chow P.K., Quah H.M. et al. Perforation of the gastrointestinal tract secondary to ingestion of foreign bodies. World J Surg. 2006; 30: 372-7.

[46] Klingler P.J., Seelig M.H., DeVault K.R. et al. Ingested foreign bodies within the appendix: a 100-year review of the literature. Dig Dis. 1998; 16: 308-14.

[47] Соколов Ю.Ю., Коровин С.А.. Стоногин С.В., Дворовенко Е.В., Тимохович Е.В., Ионов Д.В. Редкие клинические наблюдения инородных тел червеобразного отростка у детей. Детская хирургия. 2012; 16(1): 52-3

[48] Akc’am M., Koc’kar C., Tola H.T. et al. Endoscopic removal of an ingested pin migrated into the liver and affixed by its head to the duodenum. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009; 69: 382-4.

[49] Garcia-Segui A., Bercowsky E., Go´mez-Ferna´ndez I. et al. Late migration of a toothpick into the bladder: initial presentation with urosepsis and hydronephrosis. Arch Esp Urol. 2012; 65: 626-9.

[50] McComas B.C., van Miles P., Katz B.E. Successful salvage of an 8-month old child with an aortoesophageal fistula. J PediatrSurg. 1991; 26: 1394-5.

[51] Barranco R. et al. An unusual and fatal case of upper gastrointestinal perforation and bleeding secondary to foreign body ingestion Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 2016; 41: 72-5.

[52] Kramer R.E., Lerner D.G. еt al, Management of Ingested Foreign Bodies in Children: A Clinical Report of the NASPGHAN Endoscopy Committee. JPGN. 2015; 60 (4).

[53] Dahiya M., Denton J.S., Esophagoaortic perforation by foreign body (coin) causing sudden death in a 3-year-old child, Am. J Forensic Med Pathol. 20 (1999)184-8.

[54] Sperry S.L., Crockett S.D., Miller C.B., Shaheen N.J., Dellon E.S., Epidemiology and management of oesophageal coin impaction in children, Dig. Liver Dis. 2012; 44 (6): 482-6.

[55] Hurtado C.W., Furuta G.T., Kramer R.E. Etiology of esophageal food impactions in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2011; 52: 43-6.

[56] Давидов М.И. Никонова О.Е. Этиопатогенез формирования безоаров у детей и их профилактика. Медицинский Альманах. 2016; 2(42): 91-4

[57] Gorter R.R.,Kneepkens C.M., Mattens E.C. Management of trichobezoars: case report and literature review. Pediatric. Surgery International. 2010; 26(5): 457-63

[58] Питкевич А.Э., Шмаков А.П., Зуев Н.Н., Зуев Н.И. Трихобезоар желудка и тонкой кишки у ребенка. Детская хирургия. 2010; 14(1): 48-9

[59] Tierney W.M., Adler D.G., Conway J.D. et al. Overtube use in gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009; 70: 828-34.

[60] Dahshan A.H., Kevin Donovan G. Bougienage versus endoscopy for esophageal coin removal in children. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2007; 41: 454-6.

[61] Vicari J.J., Johanson J.F., Frakes J.T. Outcomes of acute esophageal food impaction: success of the push technique. Gastrointest Endosc 2001; 53: 178-81.

[62] Maini S., Rudralingam M., Zeitoun H., et al. Aspiration pneumonitis following papain enzyme treatment for oesophageal meat impaction. J Laryngol Otol. 2001; 115: 585-6.

[63] Harned R.K., Strain J.D., Hay T.C. et al. Esophageal foreign bodies: safety and efficacy of Foley catheter extraction of coins. Am J Roentgenol. 1997; 168: 443-6.