Cervical dystonia with dystonic tremor: a modern view of the problem
Iuliia V. Buriak , Denis V. Zakharov , Vladimir A. Mikhailov , Veronika A. Bogacheva , Olga P. Zakharova
Neurology Bulletin ›› 2021, Vol. LIII ›› Issue (4) : 51 -60.
Cervical dystonia with dystonic tremor: a modern view of the problem
One of the important areas of modern neurology is movement disorders, due to their negative impact on the daily activity and quality of life of patients. Dystonia is the third most common extrapyramidal disease. Often, dystonia is accompanied by trembling hyperkinesis, however, known data on dystonic tremor are scattered and not systematized, and its fixation causes difficulties due to the lack of clear tremorographic characteristics. Many issues of prevalence, pathophysiology, differential diagnosis with other types of tremor, as well as the effectiveness of therapy also remain insufficiently studied. This review focuses on the literature on dystonic tremor.
cervical dystonia / dystonic tremor / tremorography / quality of life
| [1] |
Albanese A., Bhatia K., Bressman S.B. et al. Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: A consensus update. Movement Disorders. 2013; 28 (7): 863–873. DOI: 10.1002/mds.25475. |
| [2] |
Albanese A., Bhatia K., Bressman S.B. et al. Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: A consensus update // Movement Disorders. 2013. Vol. 28. N. 7. P. 863–873. DOI: 10.1002/mds.25475. |
| [3] |
Defazio G., Abbruzzese G., Livrea P. et al. Epidemiology of primary dystonia. Lancet Neurology. 2004; 3 (11): 673–678. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(04)00907-X. PMID: 15488460. |
| [4] |
Defazio G., Abbruzzese G., Livrea P. et al. Epidemiology of primary dystonia // Lancet Neurology. 2004. Vol. 3. N. 11. P. 673–678. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(04)00907-X. PMID: 15488460. |
| [5] |
Tomic S., Petkovic I., Pucic T. et al. Cervical dystonia and quality of life. Acta Neurologica Belgica. 2016; 116 (4): 589–592. DOI: 10.1007/s13760-016-0634-1. |
| [6] |
Tomic S., Petkovic I., Pucic T. et al. Cervical dystonia and quality of life // Acta Neurologica Belgica. 2016. Vol. 116. N. 4. P. 589–592. DOI: 10.1007/s13760-016-0634-1. |
| [7] |
Pandey S., Sarma N. Tremor in dystonia. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders. 2016; 29: 3–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.03.024. |
| [8] |
Pandey S., Sarma N. Tremor in dystonia // Parkinsonism and Related Disorders. 2016. Vol. 29. P. 3–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.03.024. |
| [9] |
Camargo C.H., Teive H.A.G. Evolution of the concept of dystonia. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria. 2014; 72 (7): 559–561. DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20140056. |
| [10] |
Camargo C.H., Teive H.A.G. Evolution of the concept of dystonia // Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria. 2014. Vol. 72. N. 7. P. 559–561. DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20140056. |
| [11] |
Sjögren G. Dystonia musculorum deformans. A genetic and clinical population study of 121 cases. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1966; 42 (17): 1–232. |
| [12] |
Sjögren G. Dystonia musculorum deformans. A genetic and clinical population study of 121 cases // Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1966. Vol. 42. Suppl. 17. P. 1–232. |
| [13] |
Yanagisawa N., Goto A. Dystonia musculorum deformans. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1971; 13 (1): 39–65. DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(71)90206-1. |
| [14] |
Yanagisawa N., Goto A. Dystonia musculorum deformans // Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1971. Vol. 13. N. 1. P. 39–65. DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(71)90206-1. |
| [15] |
Marsden C.D., Harrison M.J.G. Idiopatic torsion dystonia (dystonia musculorum deformans). Brain. 1974; 97 (4): 793–810. DOI: 10.1093/brain/97.1.793. |
| [16] |
Marsden C.D., Harrison M.J.G. Idiopatic torsion dystonia (dystonia musculorum deformans) // Brain. 1974. Vol. 97. N. 4. P. 793–810. DOI: 10.1093/brain/97.1.793. |
| [17] |
Fahn S., Marsden C.D., Calne D.B. Classification and investigation of dystonia. Movement Disorders. 1987; 2: 332–358. |
| [18] |
Fahn S., Marsden C.D., Calne D.B. Classification and investigation of dystonia // Movement Disorders. 1987. Vol. 2. P. 332–358. |
| [19] |
Deuschl G., Bain P., Brin M. Consensus statement of the Movement Disorder Society on Tremor. Ad Hoc Scientific Committee. Movement Disorders. 1998; 13 (3): 2–23. DOI: 10.1002/mds.870131303. |
| [20] |
Deuschl G., Bain P., Brin M. Consensus statement of the Movement Disorder Society on Tremor. Ad Hoc Scientific Committee // Movement Disorders. 1998. Vol. 13. Suppl. 3. P. 2–23. DOI: 10.1002/mds.870131303. |
| [21] |
Bhatia K.P., Bain P., Bajaj N. et al. Consensus Statement on the classification of tremors from the task force on tremor of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. Movement Disorders. 2018; 33: 75–87. DOI: 10.1002/mds.27121. |
| [22] |
Bhatia K.P., Bain P., Bajaj N. et al. Consensus Statement on the classification of tremors from the task force on tremor of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society // Movement Disorders. 2018. Vol. 33. P. 75–87. DOI: 10.1002/mds.27121. |
| [23] |
Kostich V.S. Bolezn’ Parkinsona i rasstroistva dvizhenii. Rukovodstvo dlya vrachei. Pod red. S.N. Illarioshkin, N.N. Yakhno. M.: Dialog; 2008; 213 р. |
| [24] |
Костич В.С. Болезнь Паркинсона и расстройства движений. Руководство для врачей / Под ред. С.Н. Иллариошкина, Н.Н. Яхно. М.: Диалог, 2008. 213 с. |
| [25] |
Sarma N., Pandey S. Dystonic tremor: definition, clinical spectrum, pathophysiology, and treatment. Ann. Mov. Disord. 2018; 1: 2–7. DOI: 10.4103/AOMD.AOMD_6_18. |
| [26] |
Sarma N., Pandey S. Dystonic tremor: definition, clinical spectrum, pathophysiology, and treatment // Ann. Mov. Disord. 2018. Vol. 1. P. 2–7. DOI: 10.4103/AOMD.AOMD_6_18. |
| [27] |
Erro R., Rubio-Agusti I., Saifee T.A. et al. Rest and other types of tremor in adult-onset primary dystonia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 2014; 85 (9): 965–968. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2013-305876. |
| [28] |
Erro R., Rubio-Agusti I., Saifee T.A. et al. Rest and other types of tremor in adult-onset primary dystonia // Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 2014. Vol. 85. N. 9. P. 965–968. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2013-305876. |
| [29] |
Shaikh A.G., Beylergil S.B., Scorr L. et al. Dystonia and tremor: a cross-sectional study of the dystonia coalition cohort. Neurology. 2021; 96 (4): 563–574. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000011049. |
| [30] |
Shaikh A.G., Beylergil S.B., Scorr L. et al. Dystonia and tremor: a cross-sectional study of the dystonia coalition cohort // Neurology. 2021. Vol. 96. N. 4. P. 563–574. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000011049. |
| [31] |
Hvizdošová L., Nevrlý M., Otruba P. The prevalence of dystonic tremor and tremor associated with dystonia in patients with cervical dystonia. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10 (1): 1436. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58363-2. |
| [32] |
Hvizdošová L., Nevrlý M., Otruba P. The prevalence of dystonic tremor and tremor associated with dystonia in patients with cervical dystonia // Scientific Reports. 2020. Vol. 10. N. 1. P. 1436. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58363-2. |
| [33] |
Chen Q., Vu J.P., Cisneros E. et al. Postural directionality and head tremor in cervical dystonia. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov. 2020; 10: 1–6. DOI: 10.5334/tohm.526. |
| [34] |
Chen Q., Vu J.P., Cisneros E. et al. Postural directionality and head tremor in cervical dystonia // Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov. 2020. Vol. 10. P. 1–6. DOI: 10.5334/tohm.526. |
| [35] |
Defazio G., Conte A., Gigante A.F. et al. Is tremor in dystonia a phenotypic feature of dystonia? Neurology. 2015; 84 (10): 1053–1059. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001341. |
| [36] |
Defazio G., Conte A., Gigante A.F. et al. Is tremor in dystonia a phenotypic feature of dystonia? // Neurology. 2015. Vol. 84. N. 10. P. 1053–1059. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001341. |
| [37] |
Jinnah H.A., Neychev V., Hess E.J. The anatomical basis for dystonia: The motor network model. Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements (New York, N.Y.). 2017; 7: 506. DOI: 10.7916/D8V69X3S. PMID: 29123945. |
| [38] |
Jinnah H.A., Neychev V., Hess E.J. The anatomical basis for dystonia: The motor network model // Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements (New York, N.Y.). 2017. Vol. 7. P. 506. DOI: 10.7916/D8V69X3S. PMID: 29123945. |
| [39] |
Batla A., Sánchez M.C., Erro R. et al. The role of cerebellum in patients with late onset cervical/segmental dystonia? — Evidence from the clinic. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders. 2015; 21 (11): 1317–1322. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.09.013. |
| [40] |
Batla A., Sánchez M.C., Erro R. et al. The role of cerebellum in patients with late onset cervical/segmental dystonia? — Evidence from the clinic // Parkinsonism and Related Disorders. 2015. Vol. 21. N. 11. P. 1317–1322. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.09.013. |
| [41] |
Kirke D.N., Battistella G., Kumar V. et al. Neural correlates of dystonic tremor: a multimodal study of voice tremor in spasmodic dysphonia. Brain Imaging and Behavior. 2017; 11 (1): 166–175. DOI: 10.1007/s11682-016-9513-x. |
| [42] |
Kirke D.N., Battistella G., Kumar V. et al. Neural correlates of dystonic tremor: a multimodal study of voice tremor in spasmodic dysphonia // Brain Imaging and Behavior. 2017. Vol. 11. N. 1. P. 166–175. DOI: 10.1007/s11682-016-9513-x. |
| [43] |
Kaji R., Bhatia K., Graybiel A.M. Pathogenesis of dystonia: is it of cerebellar or basal ganglia origin? J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2018; 89: 488–492. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2017-316250. |
| [44] |
Kaji R., Bhatia K., Graybiel A.M. Pathogenesis of dystonia: is it of cerebellar or basal ganglia origin? // J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2018. Vol. 89. P. 488–492. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2017-316250. |
| [45] |
Merola A., Dwivedi A.K., Shaikh A.G. et al. Head tremor at disease onset: an ataxic phenotype of cervical dystonia. Journal of Neurology. 2019; 266 (8): 1844–1851. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09341-w. |
| [46] |
Merola A., Dwivedi A.K., Shaikh A.G. et al. Head tremor at disease onset: an ataxic phenotype of cervical dystonia // Journal of Neurology. 2019. Vol. 266. N. 8. P. 1844–1851. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09341-w. |
| [47] |
Antelmi E., Di Stasio F., Rocchi L. et al. Impaired eye blink classical conditioning distinguishes dystonic patients with and without tremor. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders. 2016; 31: 23–27. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.06.011. |
| [48] |
Antelmi E., Di Stasio F., Rocchi L. et al. Impaired eye blink classical conditioning distinguishes dystonic patients with and without tremor // Parkinsonism and Related Disorders. 2016. Vol. 31. P. 23–27. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.06.011. |
| [49] |
Conte A., Ferrazzano G., Belvisi D. et al. Somatosensory temporal discrimination in Parkinson’s disease, dystonia and essential tremor: Pathophysiological and clinical implications. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2018; 129 (9): 1849–1853. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2018.05.024. |
| [50] |
Conte A., Ferrazzano G., Belvisi D. et al. Somatosensory temporal discrimination in Parkinson’s disease, dystonia and essential tremor: Pathophysiological and clinical implications // Clinical Neurophysiology. 2018. Vol. 129. N. 9. P. 1849–1853. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2018.05.024. |
| [51] |
Münchau A., Schrag A., Chuang C. et al. Arm tremor in cervical dystonia differs from essential tremor and can be classified by onset age and spread of symptoms. Brain. 2001; 124 (9): 1765–1776. DOI: 10.1093/brain/124.9.1765. |
| [52] |
Münchau A., Schrag A., Chuang C. et al. Arm tremor in cervical dystonia differs from essential tremor and can be classified by onset age and spread of symptoms // Brain. 2001. Vol. 124. N. 9. P. 1765–1776. DOI: 10.1093/brain/124.9.1765. |
| [53] |
Tinazzi M., Fasano A., Di Matteo A. et al. Temporal discrimination in patients with dystonia and tremor and patients with essential tremor. Neurology. 2013; 80 (1): 76–84. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31827b1a54. |
| [54] |
Tinazzi M., Fasano A., Di Matteo A. et al. Temporal discrimination in patients with dystonia and tremor and patients with essential tremor // Neurology. 2013. Vol. 80. N. 1. P. 76–84. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31827b1a54. |
| [55] |
Madelein van der Stouwe A.M., Nieuwhof F., Helmich R.C. Tremor pathophysiology: lessons from neuroimaging. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 2020; 33: 474–481. DOI: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000000829. |
| [56] |
Madelein van der Stouwe A.M., Nieuwhof F., Helmich R.C. Tremor pathophysiology: lessons from neuroimaging // Curr. Opin. Neurol. 2020. Vol. 33. P. 474–481. DOI: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000000829. |
| [57] |
Cerasa A., Nisticò R., Salsone M. et al. Neuroanatomical correlates of dystonic tremor: A cross-sectional study. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders. 2014; 20 (3): 314–317. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.12.007. |
| [58] |
Cerasa A., Nisticò R., Salsone M. et al. Neuroanatomical correlates of dystonic tremor: A cross-sectional study // Parkinsonism and Related Disorders. 2014. Vol. 20. N. 3. P. 314–317. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.12.007. |
| [59] |
Govorova T.G., Tappakhov A.A., Popova T.E., Antipina U.D. Tremor: classification, clinical characteristic. Consilium Medicum. 2018; 20 (9): 95–100. DOI: 10.26442/2075-1753_2018.9.95-100. |
| [60] |
Говорова Т.Г., Таппахов А.А., Попова Т.Е., Антипина У.Д. Тремор: классификация, клиническая характеристика // Consilium Medicum. 2018. Т. 20. №9. С. 95–100. DOI: 10.26442/2075-1753_2018.9.95-100. |
| [61] |
Shaikh A.G., Zee D.S., Jinnah H.A. Oscillatory head movements in cervical dystonia: Dystonia, tremor, or both? Movement Disorders. 2015; 30 (6): 834–842. DOI: 10.1002/mds.26231. |
| [62] |
Shaikh A.G., Zee D.S., Jinnah H.A. Oscillatory head movements in cervical dystonia: Dystonia, tremor, or both? // Movement Disorders. 2015. Vol. 30. N. 6. P. 834–842. DOI: 10.1002/mds.26231. |
| [63] |
Albanese A., Sorbo F.D. Dystonia and tremor: The clinical syndromes with isolated tremor. Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements. 2016; 6: 319. DOI: 10.7916/D8X34XBM. |
| [64] |
Albanese A., Sorbo F.D. Dystonia and tremor: The clinical syndromes with isolated tremor // Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements. 2016. Vol. 6. P. 319. DOI: 10.7916/D8X34XBM. |
| [65] |
Illarioshkin S.N., Fedotova E.Yu., Chervyakov A.V. et al. Problemy diagnostiki distonicheskogo tremora. Nervnye bolezni. 2011; 2: 40–43. |
| [66] |
Иллариошкин С.Н., Федотова Е.Ю., Червяков А.В. и др. Проблемы диагностики дистонического тремора // Нервные болезни. 2011. №2. С. 40–43. |
| [67] |
Bogacheva V.A., Zakharov D.V., Zakharova O.P. et al. Trudnosti diagnostiki drozhatel’nykh giperkinezov. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2019; 119 (5-2): 532. |
| [68] |
Богачёва В.А., Захаров Д.В., Захарова О.П. и др. Трудности диагностики дрожательных гиперкинезов // Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. C.C. Корсакова. 2019. Т. 119. №5-2. С. 532. |
| [69] |
Bove F., Di Lazzaro G., Mulas D. et al. A role for acce-lerometry in the differential diagnosis of tremor syndromes. Functional Neurology. 2018; 33 (1): 45–49. DOI: 10.11138/fneur/2018.33.1.045. |
| [70] |
Bove F., Di Lazzaro G., Mulas D. et al. A role for accelero-metry in the differential diagnosis of tremor syndromes // Functional Neurology. 2018. Vol. 33. N. 1. P. 45–49. DOI: 10.11138/fneur/2018.33.1.045. |
| [71] |
Shaikh A.G., Jinnah H.A., Tripp R.M. et al. Irregularity distinguishes limb tremor in cervical dystonia from essential tremor. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 2008; 79 (2): 187–189. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2007.131110. |
| [72] |
Shaikh A.G., Jinnah H.A., Tripp R.M. et al. Irregularity distinguishes limb tremor in cervical dystonia from essential tremor // Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 2008. Vol. 79. N. 2. P. 187–189. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2007.131110. |
| [73] |
Deuschl G. Dystonic tremor. Revue neurologique. 2003; 159 (10 (1)): 900–905. |
| [74] |
Deuschl G. Dystonic tremor // Revue neurologique. 2003. Vol. 159. N. 10. Pt. 1. P. 900–905. |
| [75] |
Elias W.J., Shah B.B. Definitions of tremor — reply. JAMA. 2014; 312 (2): 191–192. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2014.6231. |
| [76] |
Elias W.J., Shah B.B. Definitions of tremor — reply // JAMA. 2014. Vol. 312. N. 2. P. 191–192. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2014.6231. |
| [77] |
Louis E.D. Tremor. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2019; 4: 959–975. DOI: 10.1212/CON.0000000000000748. |
| [78] |
Louis E.D. Tremor // Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2019. Vol. 4. P. 959–975. DOI: 10.1212/CON.0000000000000748. |
| [79] |
Albanese A., Barnes M.P., Bhatia K.P. et al. A systematic review on the diagnosis and treatment of primary (idiopathic) dystonia and dystonia plus syndromes: Report of an EFNS/MDS-ES Task Force. European Journal of Neurology. 2006; 13 (5): 433–444. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01537.x. |
| [80] |
Albanese A., Barnes M.P., Bhatia K.P. et al. A systematic review on the diagnosis and treatment of primary (idiopathic) dystonia and dystonia plus syndromes: Report of an EFNS/MDS-ES Task Force // European Journal of Neurology. 2006. Vol. 13. N. 5. P. 433–444. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01537.x. |
| [81] |
Illarioshkin S.N., Ivanova-Smolenskaya I.A. Drozhatel’nye giperkinezy. M.: Atmosfera. 2011; 360 р. |
| [82] |
Иллариошкин С.Н., Иванова-Смоленская И.А. Дрожательные гиперкинезы. М.: Атмосфера, 2011. 360 c. |
| [83] |
Lenka A., Jankovic J. Tremor syndromes: An updated review. Front Neurol. 2021; 12: 684835. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.684835. PMID: 34381412; |
| [84] |
Lenka A., Jankovic J. Tremor syndromes: An updated review // Front Neurol. 2021. Vol. 12. P. 684835. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.684835. PMID: 34381412; |
| [85] |
Agnew A., Frucht S.J., Louis E.D. Supine head tremor: A clinical comparison of essential tremor and spasmodic torticollis patients. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 2012; 83 (2): 179–181. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2011-300823. |
| [86] |
Agnew A., Frucht S.J., Louis E.D. Supine head tremor: A clinical comparison of essential tremor and spasmodic torticollis patients // Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 2012. Vol. 83. N. 2. P. 179–181. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2011-300823. |
| [87] |
Schiebler S., Schmidt A., Zittel S. et al. Arm tremor in cervical dystonia-Is it a manifestation of dystonia or essential tremor? Movement Disorders. 2011; 26 (10): 1789–1792. DOI: 10.1002/mds.23837. |
| [88] |
Schiebler S., Schmidt A., Zittel S. et al. Arm tremor in cervical dystonia-Is it a manifestation of dystonia or essential tremor? // Movement Disorders. 2011. Vol. 26. N. 10. P. 1789–1792. DOI: 10.1002/mds.23837. |
| [89] |
Louis E.D., Hernandez N., Alcalay R.N. et al. Prevalence and features of unreported dystonia in a family study of “pure” essential tremor. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders. 2013; 19 (3): 359–362. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.09.015. |
| [90] |
Louis E.D., Hernandez N., Alcalay R.N. et al. Prevalence and features of unreported dystonia in a family study of “pure” essential tremor // Parkinsonism and Related Disorders. 2013. Vol. 19. N. 3. P. 359–362. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.09.015. |
| [91] |
Schrag A., Münchau A., Bhatia K.P. et al. Essential tremor: An overdiagnosed condition? Journal of Neurology. 2000; 247 (12): 955–959. DOI: 10.1007/s004150070053. |
| [92] |
Schrag A., Münchau A., Bhatia K.P. et al. Essential tremor: An overdiagnosed condition? // Journal of Neurology. 2000. Vol. 247. N. 12. P. 955–959. DOI: 10.1007/s004150070053. |
| [93] |
Jain S., Lo S.E., Louis E.D. Common misdiagnosis of a common neurological disorder: How are we misdiagnosing essential tremor? Archives of Neurology. 2006; 63 (8): 1100–1104. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.63.8.1100. |
| [94] |
Jain S., Lo S.E., Louis E.D. Common misdiagnosis of a common neurological disorder: How are we misdiagnosing essential tremor? // Archives of Neurology. 2006. Vol. 63. N. 8. P. 1100–1104. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.63.8.1100. |
| [95] |
Louis E.D., Dogu O. Isolated head tremor: Part of the clinical spectrum of essential tremor? Data from population-based and clinic-based case samples. Movement Disorders. 2009; 24 (15): 2281–2285. DOI: 10.1002/mds.22777. |
| [96] |
Louis E.D., Dogu O. Isolated head tremor: Part of the clinical spectrum of essential tremor? Data from population-based and clinic-based case samples // Movement Disorders. 2009. Vol. 24. N. 15. P. 2281–2285. DOI: 10.1002/mds.22777. |
| [97] |
Rubio-Agusti I., Pareés I., Kojovic M. et al. Tremulous cervical dystonia is likely to be familial: Clinical characteristics of a large cohort. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders. 2013; 19 (6): 634–638. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.02.017. |
| [98] |
Rubio-Agusti I., Pareés I., Kojovic M. et al. Tremulous cervical dystonia is likely to be familial: Clinical characteristics of a large cohort // Parkinsonism and Related Disorders. 2013. Vol. 19. N. 6. P. 634–638. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.02.017. |
| [99] |
Jahanshahi M. Factors that ameliorate or aggravate spasmodic torticollis. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 2000; 68 (2): 227–229. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.68.2.227. |
| [100] |
Jahanshahi M. Factors that ameliorate or aggravate spasmodic torticollis // Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 2000. Vol. 68. N. 2. P. 227–229. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.68.2.227. |
| [101] |
Junker J., Berman B.D., Hall J. et al. Quality of life in isolated dystonia: non-motor manifestations matter. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2021; 2020: 325193. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2020-325193. |
| [102] |
Junker J., Berman B.D., Hall J. et al. Quality of life in isolated dystonia: non-motor manifestations matter // J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2021. Vol. 2020. P. 325193. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2020-325193. |
| [103] |
Khaiatova Z.G., Zalyalova Z.A. Anxiety and depressive disorders in patients with craniocervical dystonia: Clinical and anamnestic features and modifying role of botulinum toxin therapy. Neurology Bulletin. 2019; 51 (1): 25–31. DOI: 10.17816/nb13555. |
| [104] |
Хаятова З.Г., Залялова З.А. Тревожно-депрессивные расстройства у пациентов с краниоцервикальными дистониями: клинико-анамнестические особенности и модифицирующая роль ботулинотерапии // Неврологический вестник. 2019. Т. 51. №1. C. 25–31. DOI: 10.17816/nb13555. |
| [105] |
Lehéricy S., Tijssen M.A., Vidailhet M. The anatomical basis of dystonia: Current view using neuroimaging. Movement Disorders. 2013; 28 (7): 944–957. DOI: 10.1002/mds.25527. |
| [106] |
Lehéricy S., Tijssen M.A., Vidailhet M. The anatomical basis of dystonia: Current view using neuroimaging // Movement Disorders. 2013. Vol. 28. N. 7. P. 944–957. DOI: 10.1002/mds.25527. |
| [107] |
Khaiatova Z.G., Zalyalova Z.A. Clinical variety of affective, sleep and motor manifestations in craniocervical dystonia (a literature review). V.M. Bekhterev Review of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology. 2020; (2): 47–56. DOI: 10.31363/2313-7053-2020-2-47-56. |
| [108] |
Хаятова З.Г., Залялова З.А. Клинические варианты аффективных, диссомнических и двигательных проявлений кранио-цервикальной дистонии (обзор литературы) // Обозрение психиатрии и медицинской психологии им. В.М. Бехтерева. 2020. T. 2. C. 47–56. DOI: 10.31363/2313-7053-2020-2-47-56. |
| [109] |
Zalyalova Z.A., Iusupova E.R. Rehabilitation approaches in cervical dystonia. Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychoso- matics. 2021; 13 (4): 103–108. DOI: 10.14412/2074-2711-2021-4-103-108. |
| [110] |
Залялова З.А., Юсупова Э.Р. Возможности восстановительной медицины при цервикальной дистонии // Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2021. Т. 13. №4. С. 103–108. DOI: 10.14412/2074-2711-2021-4-103-108. |
| [111] |
Fasano A., Bove F., Lang A.E. The treatment of dystonic tremor: A systematic review. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 2014; 85 (7): 759–769. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2013-305532. |
| [112] |
Fasano A., Bove F., Lang A.E. The treatment of dystonic tremor: A systematic review // Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 2014. Vol. 85. N. 7. P. 759–769. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2013-305532. |
| [113] |
Davis T.L., Charles P.D., Stanleyburns R. Clonazepam-sensitive intermittent dystonic tremor. Southern Medical Journal. 1995; 88 (10): 1069–1071. DOI: 10.1097/00007611-199510000-00014. |
| [114] |
Davis T.L., Charles P.D., Stanleyburns R. Clonazepam-sensitive intermittent dystonic tremor // Southern Medical Journal. 1995. Vol. 88. N. 10. P. 1069–1071. DOI: 10.1097/00007611-199510000-00014. |
| [115] |
Coubes P., Roubertie A., Vayssiere N., Hemm S., Echenne B. Treatment of DYT1-generalised dystonia by stimulation of the internal globus pallidus. Lancet. 2000; 355 (9222): 2220–2221. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02410-7. |
| [116] |
Coubes P., Roubertie A., Vayssiere N. et al. Treatment of DYT1-generalised dystonia by stimulation of the internal globus pallidus // Lancet. 2000. Vol. 355. N. 9222. P. 2220–2221. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02410-7. |
| [117] |
Zalyalova Z.A. Benign essential blepharospasm: epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, botulinum toxin therapy. Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2021; 13 (1): 119–125. DOI: 10.14412/2074-2711-2021-1-119-125. |
| [118] |
Залялова З.А. Доброкачественный эссенциальный блефароспазм: эпидемиология, клинические проявления, патофизиология, ботулинотерапия // Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2021. Т. 13. №1. С. 119–125. DOI: 10.14412/2074-2711-2021-1-119-125. |
| [119] |
Gironell A., Kulisevsky J. Diagnosis and management of essential tremor and dystonic tremor. Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders. 2009; 2: 215–222. DOI: 10.1177/1756285609104791. |
| [120] |
Gironell A., Kulisevsky J. Diagnosis and management of essential tremor and dystonic tremor // Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders. 2009. Vol. 2: P. 215–222. DOI: 10.1177/1756285609104791. |
Buriak I.V., Zakharov D.V., Mikhailov V.A., Bogacheva V.A., Zakharova O.P.
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |