Anatomy of the inferior pyramidal space tendon in the fetal and neonatal heart: a pilot study

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Knowing the anatomical features of the inferior pyramidal space tendon of the fetal and neonatal heart (the tendon of Todaro, TT) is important for perinatal cardiac surgery (e.g., with access to the left atrium), but has been virtually unstudied.

AIM: The aim of the study was to evaluate the possibility of dissecting and evaluating the TT macromicroscopically and to obtain preliminary data on its presence, shape, size, branching and local topography in the fetal and neonatal heart.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen samples of normal human hearts at 16–40 weeks of gestation were examined. Ten hearts were dissected under an Olympus SZX2-ZB10 microscope (Olympus, Japan) at a magnification ranging from 6.3 to 30×. The length and width of the TT were measured using a Levenhuk M1000 PLUS camera (Levenhuk, Russia) with a resolution of 10 Mpx and Levenhuk lite software. The arithmetic mean, standard deviation, median, extreme values, coefficient of variation and Spearman correlation coefficient (Rs) were calculated. Histologic sections were prepared from five hearts and stained using the Masson trichrome technique.

RESULTS: The TT was detected in all specimens and was always located in the intramyocardial space and/or in the loose connective tissue of the inferior pyramidal space. In all cases, the TT was originated from the right fibrous triangle, anterior to and above the atrioventricular bundle and node, where the TT was most monolithic. The TT then followed between the inferior border of the patent foramen ovale and the opening of the coronary sinus, ending at the valve of the inferior vena cava. In 6 out of 10 cases, the TT had no branches. In 4 out of 10 cases, it divided into two branches covering the opening of the coronary sinus. The TT fibers reaching the right coronary artery were dissected in one specimen. The median width of the TT at the inferior vena cava valve (0.35 mm) correlated with its length (4.63 mm; Rs = 0.821; p = 0.023) and width at the origin (0.24 mm; Rs = 0.929; p = 0.0003).

CONCLUSIONS: The inferior pyramidal space tendon of the heart in the late prenatal and perinatal period of human development is characterized by variable anatomy and constant topography. Variable structure is manifested by variations in tendon branching, a wide range of lengths and especially widths. Constant topography means that the tendon originates, runs, and ends in the same places. This tendon can be identified in fetal and neonatal hearts using macromicroscopic dissection.

Keywords

fetal heart / cardiac anatomy / right atrium / interatrial septum / fibrous skeleton of heart / tendon of Todaro

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