Modern aspects of diagnosis and treatment of subjective manifestations and accommodation disorders in patients — professional users of personal computers (systematic review)

Abstract

A systematic review was performed in the RSCI and PubMed databases using the following keywords: “Computer vision syndrome,” “Digital eye strain,” “Accommodation,” “Accommodative asthenopia,” “RTS,” and “Quality of life”. Eligible articles were evaluated in accordance with the criteria for prospective or retrospective studies. A total of 792 sources were analyzed, further using systematic review filters and authors’ knowledge of the topic. The retrospective analysis spanned 7 years (2016–2022).

Data indicated that accommodative asthenopia (AA), as a functional visual disorder, is a natural state of the accommodative system of the eye caused by long-term exposure to visually intense work on a personal computer. AA is characterized by a wide range of subjective manifestations (complaints) and indicators of the examination of the patient’s vision, associated primarily with objective accommodation. A differentiated approach to the diagnosis of various forms of AA, such as habitual excessive stress of accommodation and asthenic form of accommodative asthenopia, is important to provide adequate treatment based on methods with direct physical effects on the eye (such as low-energy laser radiation, magnetophoresis, and stimulation of accommodation), opto-reflex treatment, and an outpatient course as part of home training.

Keywords

computer vision syndrome / digital eye strain / accommodation / accommodative asthenopia / visually stressful work / quality of life

References

[1] Ranasinghe P, Wathurapatha WS, Perera YS, et al. Computer vision syndrome among computer office workers in a developing country: an evaluation of prevalence and risk factors. BMC Res Notes. 2016;9(3)150. doi: 10.1186/s13104-016-1962-1

[2] Ranasinghe P., Wathurapatha W.S., Perera Y.S., et al. Computer vision syndrome among computer office workers in a developing country: an evaluation of prevalence and risk factors // BMC Res Notes. 2016. Vol. 9, N 3. P. 150. doi: 10.1186/s13104-016-1962-1

[3] Zalat MM, Amer SM, Wassif GA, et al. Computer vision syndrome, visual ergonomics and amelioration among staff members in a Saudi medical college. Int J Occup Saf Ergon. 2022;28(2):1033–1041. doi: 10.1080/10803548.2021.1877928

[4] Zalat M.M., Amer S.M., Wassif G.A., et al. Computer vision syndrome, visual ergonomics and amelioration among staff members in a Saudi medical college // Int J Occup Saf Ergon. 2022. Vol. 28, N 2. P. 1033–1041. doi: 10.1080/10803548.2021.1877928

[5] Long J, Cheung R, Duong S, et al. Viewing distance and eyestrain symptoms with prolonged viewing of smartphones. Clin Exp Optom. 2017;100(2):133–137. doi: 10.1111/cxo.12453

[6] Long J., Cheung R., Duong S., et al. Viewing distance and eyestrain symptoms with prolonged viewing of smartphones // Clin Exp Optom. 2017. Vol. 100, N 2. P. 133–137. doi: 10.1111/cxo.12453

[7] Vaz FT, Henriques SP, Silva DS, et al. Digital asthenopia: portuguese group of ergophthalmology survey. Acta Med Port. 2019;32(4):260–265. doi: 10.20344/amp.10942

[8] Vaz F.T., Henriques S.P., Silva D.S., et al. Digital asthenopia: portuguese group of ergophthalmology survey //Acta Med Port. 2019. Vol. 32, N 4. P. 260–265. doi: 10.20344/amp.10942

[9] Lema AK, Anbesu EW. Computer vision syndrome and its determinants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. SAGE Open Med. 2022;10:20503121221142402. doi: 10.1177/20503121221142402

[10] Lema A.K., Anbesu E.W. Computer vision syndrome and its determinants: a systematic review and meta-analysis // SAGE Open Med. 2022. Vol. 10. P. 20503121221142402. doi: 10.1177/20503121221142402

[11] Artime-Ríos E, Suárez-Sánchez A, Sánchez-Lasheras F, et al. Computer vision syndrome in healthcare workers using video display terminals: an exploration of the risk factors. J Adv Nurs. 2022;78(7):2095–2110. doi: 10.1111/jan.15140

[12] Artime-Ríos E., Suárez-Sánchez A., Sánchez-Lasheras F., et al. Computer vision syndrome in healthcare workers using video display terminals: an exploration of the risk factors // J Adv Nurs. 2022. Vol. 78, N 7. P. 2095–2110. doi: 10.1111/jan.15140

[13] Noreen K, Ali K, Aftab K, et al. Computer vision syndrome (CVS) and its associated risk factors among undergraduate medical students in midst of COVID-19. Pak J Ophthalmol 2021;37(1): 102–108. doi: 10.36351/pjo.v37i1.1124

[14] Noreen K., Ali K., Aftab K., et al. Computer vision syndrome (CVS) and its associated risk factors among undergraduate medical students in midst of COVID-19 // Pak J Ophthalmol. 2021. Vol. 37, N 1. P. 102–108. doi: 10.36351/pjo.v37i1.1124

[15] Iqbal M, Said O, Ibrahim O, et al. Visual sequelae of computer vision syndrome: a cross-sectional case-control study. J Ophthalmol. 2021;2021:6630286. doi: 10.1155/2021/6630286

[16] Iqbal M., Said O., Ibrahim O., et al. Visual sequelae of computer vision syndrome: a cross-sectional case-control study // J Ophthalmol. 2021. Vol. 2021. P. 6630286. doi: 10.1155/2021/6630286

[17] Touma Sawaya RI, El Meski N, Saba JB, et al. Asthenopia among university students: the eye of the digital generation. J Family Med Prim Care. 2020;9(8):3921–3932. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_340_20

[18] Touma Sawaya R.I., El Meski N., Saba J.B., et al. Asthenopia among university students: the eye of the digital generation // J Family Med Prim Care. 2020. Vol. 9, N 8. P. 3921–3932. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_340_20

[19] Wangsan K, Upaphong P, Assavanopakun P, et al. Self-reported computer vision syndrome among thai university students in virtual classrooms during the COVID-19 pandemic: prevalence and associated factors. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(7):3996. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19073996

[20] Wangsan K., Upaphong P., Assavanopakun P., et al. Self-reported computer vision syndrome among thai university students in virtual classrooms during the COVID-19 pandemic: prevalence and associated factors // Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022. Vol. 19, N 7. P. 3996. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19073996

[21] Adane F, Alamneh YM, Desta M. Computer vision syndrome and predictors among computer users in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trop Med Health. 2022;50(1):26. doi: 10.1186/s41182-022-00418-3

[22] Adane F., Alamneh Y.M., Desta M. Computer vision syndrome and predictors among computer users in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis // Trop Med Health. 2022. Vol. 50, N 1. P. 26. doi: 10.1186/s41182-022-00418-3

[23] Al Rashidi SH, Alhumaidan H. Computer vision syndrome prevalence, knowledge and associated factors among Saudi Arabia University students: is it a serious problem? Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2017;11(5):17–19.

[24] Al Rashidi S.H., Alhumaidan H. Computer vision syndrome prevalence, knowledge and associated factors among Saudi Arabia University students: is it a serious problem? // Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2017. Vol. 11, N 5. P. 17–19.

[25] Turkistani AN, Al-Romaih A, Alrayes MM, et al. Computer vision syndrome among Saudi population: an evaluation of prevalence and risk factors. J Family Med Prim Care. 2021;10(6):2313–2318. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2466_20

[26] Turkistani A.N., Al-Romaih A., Alrayes M.M., et al. Computer vision syndrome among Saudi population: an evaluation of prevalence and risk factors // J Family Med Prim Care. 2021. Vol. 10, N 6. P. 2313–2318. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2466_20

[27] Assefa NL, Weldemichael DZ, Alemu HW, et al. Prevalence and associated factors of computer vision syndrome among bank workers in Gondar City, northwest Ethiopia, 2015. Clin Optom (Auckl). 2017;9:67–76. doi: 10.2147/OPTO.S126366

[28] Assefa N.L., Weldemichael D.Z., Alemu H.W., et al. Prevalence and associated factors of computer vision syndrome among bank workers in Gondar City, northwest Ethiopia, 2015 // Clin Optom (Auckl). 2017. Vol. 9. P. 67–76. doi: 10.2147/OPTO.S126366

[29] Munshi S, Varghese A, Dhar-Munshi S. Computer vision syndrome — a common cause of unexplained visual symptoms in the modern era. Int J Clin Pract. 2017;71(7):e12962. doi: 10.1111/ijcp.12962

[30] Munshi S., Varghese A., Dhar-Munshi S. Computer vision syndrome — a common cause of unexplained visual symptoms in the modern era // Int J Clin Pract. 2017. Vol. 71, N 7. P. e12962. doi: 10.1111/ijcp.12962

[31] Altalhi A, Khayyat W, Khojah O, et al. Computer vision syndrome among health sciences students in Saudi Arabia: prevalence and risk factors. Cureus. 2020;12(2):e7060. doi: 10.7759/cureus.7060

[32] Altalhi A., Khayyat W., Khojah O., et al. Computer vision syndrome among health sciences students in Saudi Arabia: prevalence and risk factors // Cureus. 2020. Vol. 12, N 2. P. e7060. doi: 10.7759/cureus.7060

[33] Korotkikh SA, Nikiforov AA. Investigation of reliability and validity of computer visual syndrome complaints questionnaire. Sovremennaja optometrija. 2017;8:18–22. (In Russ).

[34] Коротких С.А., Никифорова А.А. Исследование надежности и валидности анкеты количественной оценки астенопических жалоб компьютерного зрительного синдрома // Современная оптометрия. 2017. № 8. С. 29–33.

[35] Ovechkin IG, Konovalov ME, Leksunov OG, et al. The main subjective manifestations of computer vision syndrome. Russian Ophthalmological Journal. 2021;14(3):83–87. (In Russ). doi: 10.21516/2072-0076-2021-14-3-83-87

[36] Овечкин И.Г., Коновалов М.Е., Лексунов О.Г., и др. Основные субъективные проявления компьютерного зрительного синдрома // Российский офтальмологический журнал. 2021. Т. 14, № 3. С. 83–87. doi: 10.21516/2072-0076-2021-14-3-83-87

[37] Bogdănici CM, Săndulache DE, Nechita CA. Eyesight quality and computer vision syndrome. Rom J Ophthalmol. 2017;61(2):112–116. doi: 10.22336/rjo.2017.21

[38] Bogdănici C.M., Săndulache D.E., Nechita C.A. Eyesight quality and computer vision syndrome // Rom J Ophthalmol. 2017. Vol. 61, N 2. P. 112–116. doi: 10.22336/rjo.2017.21

[39] Dessie A, Adane F, Nega A, et al. Computer vision syndrome and associated factors among computer users in Debre Tabor town, Northwest Ethiopia. J Environ Public Health. 2018;2018:4107590. doi: 10.1155/2018/4107590

[40] Dessie A., Adane F., Nega A., et al. Сomputer vision syndrome and associated factors among computer users in Debre Tabor town, Northwest Ethiopia // J Environ Public Health. 2018. Vol. 2018. P. 4107590. doi: 10.1155/2018/4107590

[41] Köksoy Vayısoğlu S, Öncü E, Dursun Ö, Dinç E. Investigation of dry eye symptoms in lecturers by ocular surface disease index. Turk J Ophthalmol. 2019;49(3):142–148. doi: 10.4274/tjo.galenos.2018.67915

[42] Köksoy Vayısoğlu S., Öncü E., Dursun Ö., Dinç E. Investigation of dry eye symptoms in lecturers by ocular surface disease index // Turk J Ophthalmol. 2019. Vol. 49, N 3. P. 142–148. doi: 10.4274/tjo.galenos.2018.67915

[43] Ovechkin IG, Yudin VE, Kovrigina EI, et al. methodological principles for the development of a questionnaire “quality of life” in patients with computer visual syndrome. Ophthalmology in Russia. 2021;18(4): 926–931. (In Russ). doi: 10.18008/1816-5095-2021-4-926-931

[44] Овечкин И.Г., Юдин В.Е., Ковригина Е.И., и др. Методологические принципы разработки опросника «качества жизни» у пациентов с явлениями компьютерного зрительного синдрома // Офтальмология. 2021. Т. 18, № 4. С. 926–931. doi: 10.18008/1816-5095-2021-4-926-931

[45] Proskurina OV, Tarutta EP, Iomdina EN, et al. A modern classification of asthenopias: clinical forms and stages. Russian Ophthalmological Journal. 2016;9(4):69–73. (In Russ). doi: 10.21516/2072-0076-2016-9-4-69-73

[46] Проскурина О.В., Тарутта Е.П., Иомдина Е.Н., и др. Актуальная классификация астенопии: клинические формы и стадии // Российский офтальмологический журнал. 2016. Т. 9, № 4. С. 69–73. doi: 10.21516/2072-0076-2016-9-4-69-73

[47] Kovrigina EI, Ovechkin IG, Konovalov ME, Yudin VE. Clinical efficacy of different methods for assessing the quality of life in patients with computer visual syndrome. Saratov Journal of Medical Scientific Research. 2021;17(3):646–649. (In Russ).

[48] Ковригина Е.И., Овечкин И.Г., Коновалов М.Е., Юдин В.Е. Клиническая эффективность различных методов оценки качества жизни пациентов с явлениями компьютерного зрительного синдрома // Саратовский научно-медицинский журнал. 2021. Т. 17, № 3. С. 646–649.

[49] Xue WW, Zou HD. Rasch analysis of the Chinese version of the Low Vision Quality of Life Questionnaire. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi. 2019; 55(8):582–588. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2019.08.007

[50] Xue W.W., Zou H.D. Rasch analysis of the Chinese version of the Low Vision Quality of Life Questionnaire // Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi. 2019. Vol. 55, N 8. P. 582–588. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2019.08.007

[51] Şahlı E, İdil ŞA. İdil comparison of quality of life questionnaires in patients with low vision. Turk J Ophthalmol. 2021;51(2):83–88. doi: 10.4274/tjo.galenos.2020.99975

[52] Şahlı E., İdil Ş.A. İdil comparison of quality of life questionnaires in patients with low vision // Turk J Ophthalmol. 2021. Vol. 29, N 51. P. 83–88. doi: 10.4274/tjo.galenos.2020.99975

[53] Hua L, Zhu H, Li R, et al. Development of a quality of life questionnaire for adults with anisometropic amblyopia. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi. 2021;57(5):341–347. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112142-20200611-00392

[54] Hua L., Zhu H., Li R., et al. Development of a quality of life questionnaire for adults with anisometropic amblyopia // Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi. 2021. Vol. 57, N 5. P. 341–347. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112142-20200611-00392

[55] Grzybowski A, Kanclerz P, Muzyka-Woźniak M. Methods for evaluating quality of life and vision in patients undergoing lens refractive surgery. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2019;257(6):1091–1099. doi: 10.1007/s00417-019-04270-w

[56] Grzybowski A., Kanclerz P., Muzyka-Woźniak M. Methods for evaluating quality of life and vision in patients undergoing lens refractive surgery // Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2019. Vol. 257, N 6. P. 1091–1099. doi: 10.1007/s00417-019-04270-w

[57] Midorikawa-Inomata A, Inomata T, Nojiri S, et al. Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Ocular Surface Disease Index for dry eye disease. BMJ Open. 2019;9(11):e033940. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033940

[58] Midorikawa-Inomata A., Inomata T., Nojiri S., et al. Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Ocular Surface Disease Index for dry eye disease // BMJ Open. 2019. Vol. 9, N 11. P. e033940. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033940

[59] Whyte MB, Kelly P. The normal range: it is not normal and it is not a range. Postgrad Med J. 2018;94(1177):613–616. doi: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2018-135983

[60] Whyte M.B., Kelly P. The normal range: it is not normal and it is not a range // Postgrad Med J. 2018. Vol. 94, N 1117. P. 613–616. doi: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2018-135983

[61] Wajuihian SO. Normative values for clinical measures used to classify accommodative and vergence anomalies in a sample of high school children in South Africa. J Optom. 2019;12(3):143–160. doi: 10.1016/j.optom.2018.03.005

[62] Wajuihian S.O. Normative values for clinical measures used to classify accommodative and vergence anomalies in a sample of high school children in South Africa // J Optom. 2019. Vol. 12, N 3. P. 143–160. doi: 10.1016/j.optom.2018.03.005

[63] Hussaindeen JR, Rakshit A, Singh NK, et al. Binocular vision anomalies and normative data (BAND) in Tamil Nadu: report 1. Clin Exp Optom. 2017;100(3):278–284. doi: 10.1111/cxo.12475

[64] Hussaindeen J.R., Rakshit A., Singh N.K., et al. Binocular vision anomalies and normative data (BAND) in Tamil Nadu: report 1 // Clin Exp Optom. 2017. Vol. 100, N 3. P. 278–284. doi: 10.1111/cxo.12475

[65] Yammouni R, Evans BJW. Is reading rate in digital eyestrain influenced by binocular and accommodative anomalies? J Optom. 2021;14(3):229–239. doi: 10.1016/j.optom.2020.08.006

[66] Yammouni R., Evans B.J.W. Is reading rate in digital eyestrain influenced by binocular and accommodative anomalies? //J Optom. 2021. Vol. 14, N 3. P. 229–239. doi: 10.1016/j.optom.2020.08.006

[67] Mushkova IA, Maychuk NV, Karimova AN, Shamsetdinova LT. Detection of the risk factors for postoperative asthenopia in patients with refractive disorders. Ophthalmology in Russia. 2018;15(2): 205–210. (In Russ). doi: 10.18008/1816-5095-2018-2S-205-210

[68] Мушкова И.А., Майчук Н.В., Каримова А.Н., Шамсетдинова Л.Т. Выявление факторов риска развития послеоперационного астенопического синдрома у пациентов с рефракционными нарушениями // Офтальмология. 2018. T. 15, № S2. C. 205–210. doi: 10.18008/1816-5095-2018-2S-205-210

[69] Parmar KR, Dickinson C, Evans BJW. Does an iPad fixation disparity test give equivalent results to the Mallett near fixation disparity test? J Optom. 2019;12(4):222–231. doi: 10.1016/j.optom.2019.03.002

[70] Parmar K.R., Dickinson C., Evans B.J.W. Does an iPad fixation disparity test give equivalent results to the Mallett near fixation disparity test? //J Optom. 2019. Vol. 12, N 42. P. 222–231. doi: 10.1016/j.optom.2019.03.002

[71] Boadi-Kusi SB, Abu SL, Acheampong GO, et al. Association between poor ergophthalmologic practices and computer vision syndrome among university administrative staff in Ghana. J Environ Public Health. 2020;2020:7516357. doi: 10.1155/2020/7516357

[72] Boadi-Kusi S.B., Abu S.L., Acheampong G.O., et al. Association between poor ergophthalmologic practices and computer vision syndrome among university administrative staff in Ghana // J Environ Public Health. 2020. Vol. 2020. P. 7516357. doi: 10.1155/2020/7516357

[73] Al Tawil L, Aldokhayel S, Zeitouni L, et al. Prevalence of self-reported computer vision syndrome symptoms and its associated factors among university students. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2020;30(1): 189–195. doi: 10.1177/1120672118815110

[74] Al Tawil L., Aldokhayel S., Zeitouni L., et al. Prevalence of self-reported computer vision syndrome symptoms and its associated factors among university students // Eur J Ophthalmol. 2020. Vol. 30, N 1. P. 189–195. doi: 10.1177/1120672118815110

[75] Lara F, Del Águila-Carrasco AJ, Marín-Franch I, et al. The effect of retinal illuminance on the subjective amplitude of accommodation. Optom Vis Sci. 2020;97(8):641–647. doi: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000001544

[76] Lara F., Del Águila-Carrasco A.J., Marín-Franch I., et al. The effect of retinal illuminance on the subjective amplitude of accommodation // Optom Vis Sci. 2020. Vol. 97, N 8. P. 641–647. doi: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000001544

[77] Kashif RF, Rashad MA, Said AMA, et al. Ultrasound biomicroscopy study of accommodative state in smartphone abusers. BMC Ophthalmol. 2022;22(1):330. doi: 10.1186/s12886-022-02557-x

[78] Kashif R.F., Rashad M.A., Said A.M.A., et al. Ultrasound biomicroscopy study of accommodative state in smartphone abusers // BMC Ophthalmol. 2022. Vol. 22, N 1. P. 330. doi: 10.1186/s12886-022-02557-x

[79] Fernández-Vigo JI, Kudsieh B, Shi H, et al. Diagnostic imaging of the ciliary body: technologies, outcomes, and future perspectives. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2022;32(1):75–88. doi: 10.1177/11206721211031409

[80] Fernández-Vigo J.I., Kudsieh B., Shi H., et al. Diagnostic imaging of the ciliary body: technologies, outcomes, and future perspectives // Eur J Ophthalmol. 2022. Vol. 32, N 1. P. 75–88. doi: 10.1177/11206721211031409

[81] Aboumourad R, Anderson HA. Comparison of dynamic retinoscopy and autorefraction for measurement of accommodative amplitude. Optom Vis Sci. 2019;96(9):670–677. doi: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000001423

[82] Aboumourad R., Anderson H.A. Comparison of dynamic retinoscopy and autorefraction for measurement of accommodative amplitude // Optom Vis Sci. 2019. Vol. 96, N 9. P. 670–677. doi: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000001423

[83] Tarutta EP, Aklaeva NA, Tarasova NA, et al. Objective parameters of accommodation in concomitant strabismus. The Russian Annals of Ophthalmology. 2019;135(6):11–16. (In Russ). doi: 10.17116/oftalma201913506111

[84] Тарутта Е.П., Аклаева Н.А., Тарасова Н.А., и др. Объективные параметры аккомодации при содружественном косоглазии // Вестник офтальмологии. 2019. T. 135, № 6. C. 11–16. doi: 10.17116/oftalma201913506111

[85] Atchison DA. The use of autorefractors using the image-size principle in determining on-axis and off-axis refraction. Part 3: theoretical effect of pupil misalignment on peripheral refraction for the Grand-Seiko autorefractor. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2022; 42(3):653–657. doi: 10.1111/opo.12964

[86] Atchison D.A. The use of autorefractors using the image-size principle in determining on-axis and off-axis refraction. Part 3: theoretical effect of pupil misalignment on peripheral refraction for the Grand-Seiko autorefractor // Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2022. Vol. 42, N 3. P. 653–657. doi: 10.1111/opo.12964

[87] Morrison AM, Mutti DO. Repeatability and validity of peripheral refraction with two different autorefractors. Optom Vis Sci. 2020; 97(6):429–439. doi: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000001520

[88] Morrison A.M., Mutti D.O. Repeatability and validity of peripheral refraction with two different autorefractors // Optom Vis Sci. 2020. Vol. 97, N 6. P. 429–439. doi: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000001520

[89] Kajita M, Muraoka T, Orsborn G. Changes in accommodative micro-fluctuations after wearing contact lenses of different optical designs. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2020;43(5):493–496. doi: 10.1016/j.clae.2020.03.003

[90] Kajita M., Muraoka T., Orsborn G. Changes in accommodative micro-fluctuations after wearing contact lenses of different optical designs // Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2020. Vol. 43, N 5. P. 493–496. doi: 10.1016/j.clae.2020.03.003

[91] Ovechkin IG, Gadzhiev IS, Kozhukhov AA, et al. Diagnostic criteria for asthenic accommodative asthenopia in patients with computer vision syndrome. Russian Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology. 2020;20(4):169–174. doi: 10.32364/2311-7729-2020-20-4-169-174

[92] Овечкин И.Г., Гаджиев И.С., Кожухов А.А., и др. Диагностические критерии астенической формы аккомодационной астенопии у пациентов с компьютерным зрительным синдромом // РМЖ. Клиническая офтальмология. 2020. T. 2, № 4. C. 169–174. doi: 10.32364/2311-7729-2020-20-4-169-174

[93] Makhova MV, Strakhov VV. Interaction of accommodative and subjective diagnostic criteria of accommodation disorders. Russian Ophthalmological Journal. 2019;12(3):13–19. (In Russ). doi: 10.21516/2072-0076-2019-12-3-13-19

[94] Махова М.В., Страхов В.В. Взаимосвязь аккомодографических и субъективных диагностических критериев различных нарушений аккомодации // Российский офтальмологический журнал. 2019. T. 12, № 3. C. 13–19. doi: 10.21516/2072-0076-2019-12-3-13-19

[95] Kumar V, Kovrigina EI, Kozhukhov AA, et al. Clinical regulation of asthenopia severity based on the “CVS-22” quality of life questionnaire for patients with computer visual syndrome. Saratov Journal of Medical Scientific Research. Supplement: Ophthalmology. 2022;18(4):691–694. (In Russ).

[96] Кумар В., Ковригина Е.И., Кожухов А.А., и др. Клиническое нормирование выраженности астенопии на основе опросника качества жизни пациентов с компьютерным зрительным синдромом «КЗС-22» // Саратовский научно-медицинский журнал. Приложение: Офтальмология. 2022. T. 18, № 4. C. 691–694.

[97] Moldovan HR, Voidazan ST, Moldovan G, et al. Accommodative asthenopia among Romanian computer-using medical students-A neglected occupational disease. Arch Environ Occup Health. 2020;75(4):235–241. doi: 10.1080/19338244.2019.1616666

[98] Moldovan H.R., Voidazan S.T., Moldovan G., et al. Accommodative asthenopia among Romanian computer-using medical students-A neglected occupational disease // Arch Environ Occup Health. 2020. Vol. 7, N 4. P. 235–241. doi: 10.1080/19338244.2019.1616666

[99] Khanwalkar P, Dabir N. Visual ergonomics for changing work environments in the COVID-19 pandemic. Work. 2022;73(s1): S169–S176. doi: 10.3233/WOR-211130

[100] Khanwalkar P., Dabir N. Visual ergonomics for changing work environments in the COVID-19 pandemic // Work. 2022. Vol. 73, N s1. P. S169–S176. doi: 10.3233/WOR-211130

[101] Zayed HAM, Saied SM, Younis EA, Atlam SA. Digital eye strain: prevalence and associated factors among information technology professionals, Egypt. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021;28(20): 25187–25195. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-12454-3

[102] Zayed H.A.M., Saied S.M., Younis E.A., Atlam S.A. Digital eye strain: prevalence and associated factors among information technology professionals, Egypt // Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021. Vol. 28, N 20. P. 25187–25195. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-12454-3

[103] Sánchez-Brau M, Domenech-Amigot B, Brocal-Fernández F, et al. Prevalence of computer vision syndrome and its relationship with ergonomic and individual factors in presbyopic VDT workers using progressive addition lenses. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(3):1003. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17031003

[104] Sánchez-Brau M., Domenech-Amigot B., Brocal-Fernández F., et al. Prevalence of computer vision syndrome and its relationship with ergonomic and individual factors in presbyopic VDT workers using progressive addition lenses // Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020. Vol. 17, N 3. P. 1003. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17031003

[105] Wajuihian SO. Correlations between clinical measures and symptoms: Report 1: Stereoacuity with accommodative, vergence measures, and symptoms. J Optom. 2020;7(13):171–184. doi: 10.1016/j.optom.2020.02.002

[106] Wajuihian S.O. Correlations between clinical measures and symptoms: Report 1: Stereoacuity with accommodative, vergence measures, and symptoms // J Optom. 2020. Vol. 7, N 13. P. 171–184. doi: 10.1016/j.optom.2020.02.002

[107] Talens-Estarelles C, García-Marqués JV, Cerviño A, García-Lázaro S. Digital display use and contact lens wear: effects on dry eye signs and symptoms. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2022;42(4): 797–806. doi: 10.1111/opo.12987

[108] Talens-Estarelles C., García-Marqués J.V., Cerviño A., García-Lázaro S. Digital display use and contact lens wear: effects on dry eye signs and symptoms // Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2022. Vol. 42, N 4. P. 797–806. doi: 10.1111/opo.12987

[109] Sheppard AL, Wolffsohn JS. Digital eye strain: prevalence, measurement and amelioration. BMJ Open Ophthalmol. 2018; 16(3):e000146. doi: 10.1136/bmjophth-2018-000146

[110] Sheppard A.L., Wolffsohn J.S. Digital eye strain: prevalence, measurement and amelioration // BMJ Open Ophthalmol. 2018. Vol. 16, N 3. P. e000146. doi: 10.1136/bmjophth-2018-000146

[111] Ovechkin IG, Konovalov МE, Kovrigina EI, et al. Quality of life of a patient with computer vision syndrome depending on the type of accommodative astenopia. Russian Ophthalmological Journal. 2021; 14(4):74–78. (In Russ). doi: 10.21516/2072-0076-2021-14-4-74-78

[112] Овечкин И.Г., Коновалов М.Е., Ковригина Е.К., и др. Качество жизни пациента с явлениями компьютерного зрительного синдрома в зависимости от вида аккомодационной астенопии // Российский офтальмологический журнал. 2021. T. 14, № 4. C. 74–78. doi: 10.21516/2072-0076-2021-14-4-74-78

[113] Mushkova IA, Mitronina ML, Kornyushina TA, et al. The results of two-stage optico-functional rehabilitation of patients with refractive disorders and the risk of postoperative asthenopic syndrome after FemtoLASIK. Russian Ophthalmological Journal. 2018;11(4):14–23. (In Russ). doi: 10.21516/2072-0076-2018-11-4-14-22

[114] Мушкова И.А., Митронина М.Л., Корнюшина Т.А., и др. Результаты двухэтапной оптико-функциональной реабилитации пациентов c рефракционными нарушениями и риском развития астенопического синдрома после фемтоЛАСИК // Российский офтальмологический журнал. 2018. T. 11, № 4. C. 14–23. doi: 10.21516/2072-0076-2018-11-4-14-22

[115] Vorontsova TN. Results of medication therapy of habitually excessive tension of accommodation in children and higher-school students. Russian Ophthalmological Journal. 2016;9(2):18–21. (In Russ). doi: 10.21516/2072-0076-2016-9-2-18-21

[116] Воронцова Т.Н. Результаты медикаментозной терапии привычно-избыточного напряжения аккомодации у детей и студентов // Российский офтальмологический журнал. 2016. T. 9, № 2. C. 18–21. doi: 10.21516/2072-0076-2016-9-2-18-21

[117] Ovechkin IG, Yudin VE, Gadzhiev IS, et al. Diagnostics and comprehensive recovery treatment of an astenic form of accommodative astenopia in an asteno-neurotic state of psychosomatic genesis. A clinical case. Russian Ophthalmological Journal. 2020;13(4):83–86. (In Russ). doi: 10.21516/2072-0076-2020-13-4-83-86

[118] Овечкин И.Г., Юдин В.Е., Гаджиев И.С., и др. Диагностика и комплексное восстановительное лечение астенической формы аккомодационной астенопии при астено-невротическом состоянии психосоматического генеза. Клинический случай // Российский офтальмологический журнал. 2020. T. 13, № 4. C. 83–86. doi: 10.21516/2072-0076-2020-13-4-83-86

[119] Tarutta EP, Iomdina EN, Tarasova NA. Nehirurgicheskoe lechenie progressirujushhej blizorukosti. Russian Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology. 2016;16(4):204–210. (In Russ).

[120] Тарутта Е.П., Иомдина Е.Н., Тарасова Н.А. Нехирургическое лечение прогрессирующей близорукости // РМЖ. Клиническая офтальмология. 2016. T. 1, № 4. C. 204–210.

[121] Tarutta ЕP, Proskurina OV, Markossian GA, et al. A strategically oriented conception of optical prevention of myopia onset and progression. Russian Ophthalmological Journal. 2020;13(4):7–16. (In Russ). doi: 10.21516/2072-0076-2020-13-4-7-16

[122] Тарутта Е.П., Проскурина О.В., Маркосян Г.А., и др. Стратегически ориентированная концепция оптической профилактики возникновения и прогрессирования миопии // Российский офтальмологический журнал. 2020. T. 13, № 4. C. 7–16. doi: 10.21516/2072-0076-2020-13-4-7-16

[123] Ovechkin IG, Gadzhiev IS, Kozhukhov AA, Belikova EI. Optical reflex treatment of myopia and asthenic form of accommodation asthenopia form the standpoint of the methods used, effectiveness and staging. Ophthalmology in Russia. 2020;17(3):422–428. (In Russ). doi: 10.18008/1816-5095-2020-3-422-428

[124] Овечкин И.Г., Гаджиев И.С., Кожухов А.А., Беликова Е.И. Оптико-рефлекторное лечение близорукости и астенической формы аккомодационной астенопии с позициями исследований методов, эффективности и этапности // Офтальмология. 2020. T. 17, № 3. C. 422–428. doi: 10.18008/1816-5095-2020-3-422-428

[125] Ma MM, Scheiman M, Su C, Chen X. Effect of vision therapy on accommodation in myopic Chinese children. J Ophthalmol. 2016; 2016:1202469. doi: 10.1155/2016/1202469.

[126] Ma M.M., Scheiman M., Su C., Chen X. Effect of vision therapy on accommodation in myopic Chinese children // J Ophthalmol. 2016. Vol. 2016. P. 1202469. doi: 10.1155/2016/1202469

[127] Stokkermans TJ, Reitinger JC, Tye G, et al. Accommodative exercises to lower intraocular pressure. J Ophthalmol. 2020;2020: 6613066. doi: 10.1155/2020/6613066

[128] Stokkermans T.J., Reitinger J.C., Tye G., et al. Accommodative exercises to lower intraocular pressure // J Ophthalmol. 2020. Vol. 2020. P. 6613066. doi: 10.1155/2020/6613066

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Eco-Vector