Knowledge of the history of the study of vertebrogenic diseases of the nervous system is useful not only for a mature scientist, it is extremely instructive for young people who have entered the path of clinical science. Radiculitis, with all the rapidity of the evolution of views on the essence, was considered as a "simple" pathology easily accessible to research, which was arrogantly called a paramedic back in the 20-30s. Meanwhile, in those years it seemed possible to evaluate only a minimum of its manifestations. The infectious nature of most cases of the disease was generally accepted, which was reflected in the name "sciatica". The history of this issue teaches us caution in assessing the problems that life poses to a medical researcher.

In the last decade, interest in the problem of acute pancreatitis has sharply increased. This is explained by the fact that acute pancreatitis firmly occupies the third place in the structure of acute surgical pathology [8], and there is a tendency to increase the number of destructive forms [12].

Due to the in-depth study of the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease, great importance is currently attached to the role of vasoactive amines, which are an important link in the adaptive reactions of the body aimed at maintaining homeostasis. It is known that in peptic ulcer disease, due to a violation of the neuro-humoral regulation of the body, not only the stomach and duodenum, but also other organs and systems, in particular the cardiovascular system, are involved in the pathological process [1, 2].

Recent functional studies have led to the discovery of HBsAg and to the widespread introduction of its indication into clinical practice, as well as allowed a deeper assessment of various aspects of the problem of viral hepatitis B. In particular, a comparative analysis of the course of the convalescence period and outcomes in HBS A g-positive and HBS Ag-negative hepatitis is of great interest. In this regard, the purpose of this work was to obtain information important for understanding the role of various factors in the formation of hepatitis B outcomes depending on the indication of HBS Ag.

In recent years, progress has been made in the diagnosis and organization of treatment of children with biliary system lesions [1, 2]. However, issues related to the pathogenesis and differential diagnosis of various forms of cholepathies have not been fully studied. In this regard, there is a need to improve methods that allow differentiating functional and inflammatory lesions of the biliary system. In addition, studies revealing some aspects of the pathogenesis of these diseases are justified. In particular, the state of redox processes in the body has not been studied in various lesions of the gastrointestinal tract in children, including diseases of the biliary tract [3].

Acute cholecystitis in men has a peculiar course. In this paper, the clinical material on the treatment of acute obstructive cholecystitis in men is analyzed.

Fibroendoscopic methods of studying the esophagus, stomach, duodenum and diseases of the pancreatobiliary zone have long earned recognition due to their high efficiency. However, mild inflammatory changes in the mucosa of these organs, as well as tumor lesions in the initial stage, especially located in relatively inaccessible areas for examination, are often incorrectly regarded during fibroendoscopy even by an experienced endoscopist [1]. Therefore, it is understandable that researchers strive to increase the effectiveness of fibroentoscopy by using either magnifying optics or contrasting areas of mucosal lesion [1, 4, 5].

Pileflebitis is a rare but extremely severe complication of acute appendicitis caused by thrombophlebitis of the portal vein system and migration of purulent emboli followed by the development of multiple liver abscesses.

Treatment of chronic pyelonephritis after cystectomy is a complex and unresolved problem. Its difficulty lies in the fact that, firstly, regardless of the methods of urine removal, all patients after cystectomy develop urodynamic disorders of the upper urinary tract, which, being the main pathogenetic factor of secondary chronic pyelonephritis, contribute to its occurrence and further progression. Secondly, the majority of patients undergoing bladder removal surgery for malignant neoplasms have secondary chronic pyelonephritis. Thirdly, etiotropic treatment of chronic pyelonephritis without restoring the impaired urodynamics of the urinary tract is ineffective and does not prevent the progression of the pathological process. This explains the high mortality from chronic renal failure in patients who successfully underwent cystectomy.

Kidney damage in hemorrhagic vasculitis, according to clinical and morphological studies, is observed in 23.8-66.0% of patients [1, 4, 6] the gas of the renal syndrome in hemorrhagic vasculitis is considered as a result of damage to the walls of the microvessels of the organ by antigen-antibody complexes and activated components of the complement system. Hemocoagulation disorders in this disease have the character of increased local and diffuse blood clotting [3-4]. Many issues related to the treatment of patients with hemorrhagic vasculitis with renal syndrome are solved ambiguously. Along with the use of corticosteroids as part of pathogenetic therapy [4], a negative attitude is expressed towards them [5], motivated by the fact that steroid therapy has a beneficial effect on skin-joint, abdominal syndromes and is ineffective in the renal process, including the development of nephrotic syndrome. An increase in hypertension and hematuria under the influence of corticosteroids is described. It is emphasized that kidney damage in hemorrhagic vasculitis is less treatable than nephritis against the background of other systemic diseases [5J.

To study the electrical activity of the heart, the method of electrocardiotopography (ECTG) was used according to the method of R. 3. Amirov (1973). Integral topography was used to study the amplitude characteristics of the QRS complex. When constructing integral topograms, a Wilson system of monopolar leads with ECG recording from 84-110 points of the chest surface was chosen. In addition to the visual analysis of the ECG, the amplitudes of the teeth were calculated, the measurement results were transferred to the electropositivity map (EP--), combining the R and K teeth, and to the electronegativity map (EN—), combining the Q and S teeth. After constructing the integral topograms, the nature of the relief of the electric field of the heart, projections of potential maxima, their magnitude and localization, overlap zones, the presence of zero zones, discontinuities of the circular motion of the dipole were determined.

In patients with rheumatic heart defects, disorders in the small circle of blood circulation are quickly joined by violations of the gas exchange function of the lungs [3]. The diffusion of gases through the alveolar-capillary membrane is one of the cardinal processes that realize the main function of the lungs - gas exchange, and violations of the diffusion ability of the lungs belong to the early, intimate pathogenetic mechanisms of respiratory failure in patients with rheumatism. The data available in the literature on the study of the diffusion capacity of the lungs in patients with rheumatic heart defects are few [1]. The influence of the activity of the rheumatic process on alveolar-capillary diffusion and the state of pulmonary capillary blood flow in the early stages of rheumatism in the absence of clinical manifestations of respiratory and hemodynamic disorders has not been studied, which justifies further in-depth research in this direction.

Previously, we noted the use of purified bacterial allergens (Staphylococcus aureus, pyogenic group A streptococcus, E. coli) produced by the Kazan Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology for the diagnosis and treatment of allergic diseases with bacterial sensitization in children [2,4].

In order to more fully correct the various metabolic disorders in diabetes, combinations of insulin with other drugs, and in particular with B vitamins, of which thiamine is more often used, have become widespread. This is often done empirically, without taking into account the stage of the disease, the level of compensation of metabolic processes and the provision of the patient's body with this vitamin.

Proposed in 1972 by M. M. Krasnov, a fundamentally new method of treating primary open-angle glaucoma - laser goniopuncture - marked the beginning of the widespread introduction into clinical practice of laser methods of treatment of this serious disease.

The prognosis for primary glaucoma depends on the ability of the optic disc to withstand the effects of increased intraocular pressure. Among the reasons for this quality, the intensity of blood supply to the tissues of the disc and the retralaminar region plays a significant role [5]. Cervical osteochondrosis and atherosclerosis affect the state of the visual organs. At the same time, visual function disorders are mainly explained by a disorder of hemodynamics in the vertebrobasilar system [1, 2, 6].

One of the significant factors in reducing a woman's health and ability to work are abortions [7], which also affect the course of the menopausal period [5]. Intrauterine contraception has been universally recognized in our country [1, 4, 6], which is an effective method of preventing abortions [2].

Termination of pregnancy for medical reasons at a later date causes difficulties in choosing a method, since all methods have a number of negative sides: the need for a large drug load, the duration of the abortion, bleeding and other complications that endanger a woman's life.

With significant omission and prolapse of the genitals, physical therapy, massage, as well as wearing pessaries are ineffective. Surgical methods are the only reliable way to eliminate this pathology.

In the clinic of diseases of the digestive system, knowledge of the pathology of the motor function of the gastrointestinal tract is of great importance. The nature of this pathology interests doctors of many specialties. However, the motor-evacuation function of the stomach and intestines is not studied enough in clinical conditions, although there are quite a lot of methods for studying the motility of the digestive tract.

"If the subject ceases to be the subject of dispute, it ceases to be the subject of interest."
V. Hazlit

In the structure of perinatal mortality, infectious diseases of the fetus and newborn account for about 10%, while a significant proportion falls on purulent-septic infections.

In recent years, there have been many reports in the literature about muscle lesions caused by hypercorticism of both endogenous and exogenous origin. For the first time, muscular disorders in patients with basophilic pituitary adenoma were described in 1932 [15]. Further observations [1a, b, 4, 6, 7, 19, 25] It allowed us to characterize the features of muscular pathology in Itsenko-Cushing's disease and Cushing's syndrome, expressed by muscle weakness mainly of the proximal parts of the legs and pelvic girdle and to a lesser extent of the proximal parts of the arms and shoulder girdle. The muscles of the shins, interosseous muscles of the hands and feet are less often affected. Muscle atrophy does not always reach a significant degree, moreover, it is often masked by excessive fat deposition. Such patients have difficulty climbing stairs, getting out of bed, lifting their arms above the horizontal level. Muscle weakness is combined with a decrease in tendon reflexes until they disappear with severe atrophy. The muscles of the anterior abdominal wall are often affected, which can partially explain the sagging of the abdomen in patients [5].

The therapeutic effect of antibiotics and chemotherapy drugs depends on the level of their active concentration formed in the blood and tissues of patients. However, in the process of evolution, living organisms have developed the ability to maintain the constancy of their internal environment. Therefore, all substances, including medicines that enter the body and are by nature alien to it, undergo neutralization processes and lose their specific properties and pharmacological activity, that is, they are inactivated.

In the general surgery clinic of the Kemerovo Medical Institute from 1966 to 1982, 208 patients with blunt abdominal trauma were hospitalized. 135 people underwent surgical treatment, 73 people underwent conservative treatment. Exploratory laparotomies were performed in 12 (8.9%) of the victims (men — 10, women — 2). At the age of 19 there was 1 patient, from 20 to 29 — 1, from 30 to 39 - 6, from 40 to 49 - 3, from 60 to 69- 1. Blunt abdominal trauma due to a road accident was in 1 patient, from a blow to the stomach — in 7, when falling from a height — in 4. Isolated trauma of the anterior abdominal wall was observed in 2, combined — in 10 persons. Trauma of the anterior abdominal wall was combined with traumatic brain injury in 3, hip fracture in 2, retroperitoneal hematomas in 3, posttraumatic pancreatitis in 1 patient.

Embryonic hernia of the umbilical cord is a fairly rare disease. We have three observations of embryonic umbilical cord hernia in one family. Parents are healthy, are not relatives, heredity is not burdened.

Chorionepithelioma in men is extremely rare and is the most malignant in its clinical manifestations. In men, it develops mainly from teratoid tumors of the testicle, lungs, mediastinum, retroperitoneal space. Ectopic chorionepitheliomas are much less common. All types of chorionic epitheliomas and their metastases are hormonally active - they produce chorionic gonodatropin.

The effectiveness of surgical removal of the left atrial myxoma encourages its timely implementation, and therefore the development of appropriate diagnostic criteria. In this regard, any observation of such a tumor deserves a description.

Studies by a number of authors have revealed significant changes in microcirculation and renal hemodynamics in patients with pyelonephritis. Slowing of capillary blood flow, vasospasm, aggregation of erythrocytes and a decrease in effective renal blood flow were found. These disorders are significantly aggravated after kidney surgery and require corrective treatment. Therefore, along with antibiotics, cardiac glycosides, antispasmodics, antihistamines, we prescribed trental (pentoxifylline), which dilates blood vessels, improves the rheological properties of blood, reduces its viscosity and increases the elasticity of red blood cells.

We used trental in the complex infusion therapy of 17 patients with food toxicoinfections. The patients examined by us were aged from 17 to 56 years with a severe and moderate course of the disease. The diagnosis of "food toxicoinfection" was made on the basis of a complex of clinical, epidemiological and laboratory data. In all patients, a solution of "Kvartasol" in an amount of 1-5 liters was used as a means of infusion therapy. 17 patients were intravenously injected with 5 ml of trental in 500 ml of 0.85% sodium chloride solution for 40-60 minutes after the solution of "Kvartasol". After the end of the infusion, all patients received an Oratil solution, symptomatic remedies, and therapeutic nutrition.

The choice of tactics for the treatment of patients with uterine fibroids in combination with the prolapse and prolapse of the walls of the vagina and uterus is currently one of the most difficult problems.

Specific and non-specific bronchial lesions are a frequent complication of pulmonary tuberculosis. This circumstance is little taken into account in the treatment of newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients. We analyzed the data of clinical X-ray and tracheobronchoscopic studies at different stages of treatment of patients with various forms of pulmonary tuberculosis complicated by a specific lesion of the bronchi.

Hammen-Rich syndrome belongs to the group of primary pulmonary fibrosis. Its etiology is unknown. Morphological changes in this disease are characterized by the development of diffuse inflammatory changes from exudative inflammation to pronounced fibrosis along the course of small vessels, as well as along the interlobular and interalveolar septa. This leads to an alveolar-capillary block with a significant violation of the function of external respiration and progressive shortness of breath. Of all the proposed names of the disease, its morphological essence is most consistent, according to most authors, the definition of "diffuse fibrosing alveolitis". As a syndrome, it is described in such systemic diseases as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic scleroderma, but it is also recognized as an independent nosological form.

The dental condition of 201 children aged 7 to 14 years suffering from rheumatism was examined, of which 101 patients were treated with glucocorticoids. 731 healthy children of the same age were examined for control.

The air of large cities is polluted not by one, but by many enterprises that differ in the composition of emissions. In this regard, an in-depth study of the influence of individual emission sources on diffuse atmospheric pollution is necessary.

The issues of X-ray diagnostics of osteoblastoclastomas have been repeatedly discussed in the literature. The most characteristic radiological symptoms of this one of the most frequent bone tumors are described in detail [i2, 4]. Our long-term observations show that radiologists experience differential diagnostic difficulties in interpreting radiographs of patients with osteoblastoclastoma. The conclusion about the presence of osteoblastoclastoma is often erroneous. This prompted us to focus on the issues of differential diagnosis of osteoblastoclastomas.

Respect for names sanctified by glory is the first sign of an enlightened mind.
A. S. Pushkin

The reviewed book is unusual already in appearance — it is a book souvenir, or, in a more boring official name, a souvenir edition, decorated with great taste. The contents of the baby book in 7X10.8 cm format were 450 sayings and aphorisms of 140 different authors about medicine, the work of a doctor, medical duty. These sayings are selected very skillfully, with a sense of proportion and are arranged in 9 thematic sections: "Medicine. Doctor's work"; "Choice of profession. Vocation"; "How to teach medicine"; "Health. Disease"; "Diagnosis. Clinical thinking"; "Healing. Medical art"; "Medical deontology. Doctor and patient", etc.

The urgency of the malaria problem is currently determined by the high incidence in the world, the possibility of its import to any territory of the Soviet Union, the presence of residual foci of malaria in certain areas of the south of the country. Under these conditions, early detection and treatment of patients becomes important in the prevention of adverse clinical and epidemiological consequences.

Instrumental methods of heart research are included in the training program of the Department of Internal Medicine in the training program of propaedeutics of internal diseases in the course of the clinic of internal Diseases for IV to V training and in the specialized course "New Medical Technikha" included in the program of subordination in therapy. The unification of the teaching of instrumental heart research in our universities should affect not only the program, but also involve the creation of such a manual (textbook) that could become a platform for teaching. Just such an attempt (and, in our opinion, very successful,) a group of teachers of the Kazan Medical Institute undertook the preparation of the first program textbook or manual, one might say — and a textbook on instrumental heart research in this publication, approved by the GUUZ of the Ministry of Health of the USSR as a textbook for students of medical institutes. From these positions, let us consider the main positive aspects and individual failures of this publication.