In the conditions of the modern scientific and technological revolution, social progress, which have significantly complicated the relationship between man and nature, personality and society, the problems of human interaction with the outside world, human essence are becoming more acute and are being pushed to the forefront of modern science.,

Clinical radiology has reached an unprecedented rise in a short period of development. The successes of this science are primarily the result of technical achievements that have significantly influenced the improvement of the X-ray method in the aspect of its diagnostic application. Since the 70s, clinical radiology has changed markedly due to the persistent introduction into practice of such innovations and inventions as electrorentgenography, electron-optical converters with X-ray cinematography, X-ray television with video magnetic recording and a whole group of methods that we call pararentgenological (fibroendoscopic methods, gamma scintigraphy, echography and computed tomography). With the practical spread of these very effective diagnostic studies, the revaluation of classical X—ray methods - fluoroscopy and radiography - began to a certain extent.

The available literature [1-3] describes in detail the radiological picture of many diseases of the spine. However, there are still difficulties in their differential diagnosis, in determining the main nature of the diseases, in establishing the primary pathological focus and the exact boundaries of the spinal lesion. Clarification of these factors makes it possible to more specifically determine the nature and type of spinal diseases.

Diagnosis of pathological processes accompanied by narrowing of the subarachnoid space in its cervical region and in the region of the large occipital foramen is of great importance in the early recognition of natal spinal cord and spinal cord injuries in children, especially in newborns.

Natally conditioned sluggish paresis of the upper extremities is an integral part of the problem of birth injuries of the central nervous system. For many decades, the cause of paresis, or the so-called obstetric paralysis, was considered to be damage to the brachial plexus during childbirth, therefore in the literature they are known as generic plexitis of Erb or Dejerin-Klumpke, depending on which suffered more - the proximal or distal muscles. Currently, the cause of obstetric paralysis is considered to be trauma to the cervical spine, spinal cord and adjacent vessels due to damage to the radicular-spinal arteries [3, 7].

Among the numerous diseases of the chest and chest cavity organs, a special place is occupied by pathological processes located near the chest wall or being a lesion of its individual parts (pleura, ribs, intercostal nerves, soft tissues). We are talking about such pathological processes as peripheral lung cancer, rib metastases, rib lymphogranulomatosis, inflammatory diseases and tumors of the ribs, as well as various genesis of muscle damage, intercostal nerves, subcutaneous tissue and skin of the chest wall. Differential diagnosis of these diseases is associated with significant difficulties, however, this issue has not been adequately covered in the literature.

Peptic ulcer of the esophagus, first described in the early twentieth century by Crovelier as a pathoanatomical finding, is still considered a rare pathology. Lifetime diagnosis of this disease is difficult, and there is an opinion that peptic ulcer of the esophagus is more common than diagnosed. In this regard, the analysis of clinical and radiological manifestations of peptic ulcers of the esophagus is of practical interest.

We evaluated the effectiveness of various radiological methods for diagnosing stomach cancer. At the same time, such characteristics of the tumor as the form of growth, its extent and the boundaries of intra-organ distribution were compared. Particular attention was paid to clarifying the proximal border of the tumor, which is so important when planning an upcoming surgical intervention.

Among the radiological diagnostic methods in urology, renal angiography occupies a prominent place. In addition to an accurate and detailed representation of the state of the vascular network of the organ, which allows indirectly judging possible painful changes in it, angiography characterizes the state of non-organ vessels, identifies possible variants and pathology on their part.

Tumor growth is accompanied by a change in the immunological background of patients [1]. One of the indicators of suppression of immunological reactivity in this pathology is a decrease in the number of circulating T- and B-lymphocytes (3).

Over the past 5-10 years, there has been a significant increase in interest in mitral valve prolapse syndrome, which was largely facilitated by the emergence of new methods of heart research, in particular ultrasound. For the first time, the connection between the peculiar auscultative data of mitral prolapse and mitral valve damage was established in the early 60s. To date, numerous studies of patients with this syndrome have been conducted, but the correct diagnosis presents certain difficulties: both hypo- and overdiagnosis are observed. The first is due to the lack of familiarity of practitioners with this pathology, as well as the presence of aphonic forms, the second is due to the fact that cases with extracardial sound pattern are taken for prolapse. There was a high frequency of primary forms of prolapse inherited by autosomal dominant or recessive type, mainly in women.

The variety of clinical manifestations of rheumatism, the prevalence of hidden, latent variants of the course required the improvement of diagnostic methods and detection of rheumatic activity, as well as the development of new, most informative tests for the purpose of a comprehensive study of the pathogenetic mechanisms of the rheumatic process [2,7].

Chronic circulatory disorders in the system of three unpaired visceral branches of the abdominal aorta — the abdominal artery, upper and lower mesenteric arteries - lead to the development of chronic abdominal ischemia syndrome. The most common cause of such a syndrome is stenosis of the mouths of the visceral arteries caused by an arteriosclerotic process or nonspecific aorto-arteritis, as well as extravasal compression of the abdominal artery [2-5]. Unfortunately, a significant number of patients with chronic abdominal ischemia syndrome are treated for a long time and unsuccessfully for various chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract by therapists, surgeons, and infectious diseases [3,5,9]. This is due, on the one hand, to the small acquaintance of a wide range of doctors with such a pathology, and on the other hand, to the difficulties of diagnosis. The final diagnosis is possible only in the conditions of a specialized vascular surgery department with the use of radiopaque examination of the visceral arteries 'in two projections [2, 3, 5, 8].

A feature of acute pneumonia at present is a sluggish, low-symptomatic course, often taking on a protracted character [5, 7, 9]. P. M. Vakalyuk and G. F. Abkarovich (1975) report that in 63% of cases acute pneumonia occurs without pronounced percussion and auscultative changes, and in 49%-without leukocytosis. Due to the low-symptomatic course of the disease, significant difficulties arise in timely diagnosis and treatment, which creates prerequisites for the development of prolonged and chronic pneumonia. Therefore, an urgent problem is the development of new, more informative biochemical tests that determine the activity of the inflammatory process in the lungs, the severity of the course, the possibility of early recognition of a prolonged course and the criteria for recovery.

According to modern ideas, an important link in the pathogenesis of various diseases is a violation of the regulation of free radical processes and the associated accumulation of toxic lipid peroxidation products in tissues. However, data on changes in the process of lipid peroxidation and the mechanisms of regulation of free radical oxidation in inflammatory diseases in the lungs are extremely insufficient.

The increase in the incidence of staphylococcal pneumonia among the adult population, the severe nature of the pathology, unsatisfactory outcomes of the disease and insufficient effectiveness of antibiotic therapy, encourage researchers to look for new ways of intensive therapy, in particular, to use specific immunotherapy and stimulation of reparative processes in the lungs.

In the medical literature of recent years, there have been a number of significant shifts in the epidemiological and clinical-morphological characteristics of tuberculosis. The reasons for these changes are due to social progress, an increase in the standard of living of the population and the achievements of medical science in the field of prevention, early detection, and treatment of tuberculosis. Pathomorphosis of tuberculosis is associated not only with the use of specific treatment, but also with a change in the immunobiological reactivity of the population.

Immunopathological processes are leading in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. In recent years, considerable material has been accumulated confirming the role of circulating immune complexes in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis in adults. However, there are not enough works devoted to the study of circulating immune complexes in children, and their results are contradictory.

Vegetative disorders in children are a common phenomenon. Clinical manifestations in the prepubescent and pubertal period can be very diverse. Patients complain of headaches, dizziness, often accompanied by nausea and vomiting; palpitations, unpleasant sensations in the heart, abdominal pain, large joints; sweating, poor tolerance of heat, stuffiness, transport, fainting, etc. During the examination, humidity and cyanosis of the skin of the hands and feet, violation of dermography, changes in blood pressure, perversion in the indicators of orthoclinostatic tests are determined. The dysfunction of the ergo- and trophotropic parts of the autonomic nervous system is revealed. The elimination of these disorders is based on the use of etiotropic, pathogenetic, symptomatic and complex therapy.

Intracranial hypertension syndrome is the result of a violation of the stability of intracranial pressure in diseases of the brain of various etiologies (trauma during pregnancy; alcoholism in parents; infections in parents and fetus — influenza, tuberculosis, syphilis, meningoencephalitis, toxoplasmosis, malaria; deformities and anomalies — cleft lip and cleft palate; craniostenosis, polydactyly, cerebral hernia; cerebrospinal meningitis due to infections that have penetrated into the brain and membranes; serous meningitis; tumors of the brain and membranes; head injuries, etc.). The causes leading to an increase in intracranial pressure and their pathophysiological mechanism have not been fully disclosed to this day (with the exception of neoplasms, brain).

Conventional X-ray examination, widely used to detect pathology in the gastroduodenal zone, is insufficient to obtain an anatomical representation of the duodenum. In our opinion, its full-fledged study can be carried out by the method of probe-free duodenography, which in our modification is as follows. After an overview X-ray of the thoracic and abdominal cavities, the patient drinks two or three sips of barium suspension, and the esophageal and stomach mucosa is examined by serial sighting radiography. If the barium suspension also enters the duodenum, we perform a series of images of its contrasting sections. Next, the patient drinks the rest of the barium suspension and takes two aeron tablets under the tongue (taking aeron inside is impractical due to the presence of barium suspension in the stomach, especially since aeron when taken under the tongue, as our observations have shown, acts almost the same as when taken orally). After examining the stomach with its tight filling with a contrast agent, we proceed to the study of the duodenum. To do this, we lay the patient on his right side for 15 minutes, transfer the tripod to the trochoposition and perform a series of sighting and survey images in straight and oblique projections with compression of the anterior abdominal wall in the projection of the duodenal horseshoe. We finish the study with a picture in a lateroposition on the left side in conditions of double contrasting of the bulb and the upper horizontal with the upper knee (in this position, the patient's air from the stomach passes into the duodenum). This technique slightly lengthens the study time, is not burdensome for patients and does not require additional manipulations (probing, injections), but it makes it possible to get a more complete picture of the topographic anatomical characteristics of duodenum. The use of this technique allowed us to identify and clarify a number of pathological conditions of duodenum that were observed in patients diagnosed with pyloric stenosis or duodenal ulcer.

We conducted a study of the effect of the thermal factor on the healing of a bone defect. To apply burns to bone tissue, a special device was designed — a thermoidenter consisting of an electrothermometer and a powerful heater with a sting, in which a thermosensitive element — a thermistor was mounted. In the femur of rabbits under thiopental anesthesia, a hole with a diameter of 3.4 mm was drilled with abundant irrigation with saline solution, where the sting of the thermoident was then placed, preheated to the required temperature, and kept in it for the required time. The intervals of the studied parameters were 40-180 ° in temperature, 5-240 s in exposure (t), 0.60 days in regeneration period (T).

In 1896, Marfan described a syndrome caused by diffuse mesodermal dysembrioplasia, characterized by a combination of specific bone-joint morphological changes, ocular anomalies and cardiovascular manifestations.

The objective of this study was to study the stock of free amino acids and sulfur-containing compounds of blood serum, depending on the length of service in healthy workers exposed to the combined effects of chlorinated benzenes, phenols, creosols, amine salt 2M-4HP, hexachlorane, hexachlorobutadione, chlorex, dichloroethane, metaldehyde, monochloroacetic acid, etc. W at the level of their maximum permissible concentrations.

The relative rarity of Ku fever in childhood and the elderly prompted us to analyze the incidence of this infection and give a comparative description of its clinical course.

Currently, immunological methods are used to determine the surface antigen, one of the generally recognized markers of hepatitis B virus: gel precipitation reaction, counter immunoelectrophoresis (RES), passive hemagglutination reaction (RPGA).

The determination of hearing acuity in speech audiometry refers to long-known methods of research. Back in 1906, V. I. Voyachek proposed a table of trial words for hearing research in Russian. In the conditions of a multinational Soviet state, the development of verbal tables for conducting speech audiometry in the languages of the peoples of the USSR has become of paramount importance. Each language has its own characteristic phonetic, grammatical and rhythmic features, therefore, first of all, articulation tables of words of each language should be compiled.

The use of infusion therapy for various pathological conditions of the maxillofacial region allows you to actively correct disorders that occur in the body as a result of the disease itself, and with extensive surgical interventions in this area.

Odontogenic inflammatory processes are among the most common diseases of the face and jaws; their specific gravity is constantly increasing. The rapid development of acute odontogenic inflammation in children often complicates the diagnosis of the disease and the choice of adequate treatment, which is the reason for the frequent forms of chronic osteomyelitis of the jaws. In this regard, it is necessary to search for additional research methods that allow as early as possible to evaluate objective criteria for the essence of acute odontogenic disease.

The main disadvantage of drains used in surgery and traumatology is the relatively rapid clogging of their lumen by wound discharge. In order to increase the activity of drainage, the effectiveness of washing and vacuuming of wounds, as well as to facilitate the cleaning of the drainage tube, we have proposed surgical Drainage (certificate for the rationalization proposal No. 387 of 8/1V 1982, issued by the Kazan Research Institute) with a special mandrel. The latter is made in the form of an elastic rod 3 (A) with a thickness corresponding to the inner diameter of the surgical tube /, with a spiral notch 4 over the entire surface of the mandrel.

The story of the life and career of Professor I. S. Aluf, the founder and first rector of the Kazan State Medical Institute (after its separation from the university), a fiery revolutionary Leninist, is one of the brightest pages in the history of Soviet neurology and neuromorphology. Let I. S. Aluf, a man with a big clear lively mind and a kind heart, be an example of an exceptionally purposeful and eventful life.

A large number of needles have been proposed for intraosseous infusions and bone punctures, but they have disadvantages: they are complex in structure, short, with a large diameter, without a fixed mandrel and a convenient handle. For intraosseous anesthesia, a needle with a handle convenient for insertion into the bone with a peg at the end, an oblique cut and a fixed mandrel is proposed, thanks to which blockage of the needle with bone substance is excluded. But this needle is not without drawbacks.

M. K. Mikhailov's monograph "X-ray diagnostics of birth spinal injuries" consists of 8 chapters, a conclusion and a bibliographic index. Chapter I is devoted to the history of the issue of birth trauma, the frequency of brain and spinal cord injuries.

To a practical doctor, human genetics can provide an invaluable service in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases, as well as in their prevention in the relatives of patients. However, it is very difficult for every doctor to acquire sufficient knowledge of medical genetics, since the books of famous Soviet scientists in this field, E. F. Davidenkova, N. P. Bochkov and other researchers are designed primarily for specialists in medical genetics.

The Rector's office, the party and trade union organization of the Kazan Order of the Red Banner of Labor of the S. V. Kuratov Medical Institute, the editorial board of the Kazan Medical Journal with deep regret announce the untimely death