The significance of the Paris Commune "lay in the fact that it was essentially a government of the working class" (Marx). The Parisian workers give the revolution a social impetus. Karl Marx from gloomy London sends greetings to Paris. The bourgeoisie, once progressive, which earlier spoke with pride the names of Pinel and Holbach, in the days of the Paris Commune, mobilizes and organizes counterrevolution.

Let us dwell briefly on the organization of the training of doctors at medical courses in Germany. A medical student spends at least 5 1/2 years in high school, usually longer. The first 5 semesters are devoted to general biological preparation, the next 6 semesters to clinical. After 11 semesters, if the student has completed all the work in the clinics and listened to all the required compulsory courses, he is allowed to take state exams. If a student has not passed any exam, he has the right to take it only one more time, after 2-6 months after the failure. If a student fails 2 times, he does not receive a medical diploma.

The tempting idea of ​​chemotherapy for urinary infections has attracted understandable attention of urologists over the past decade. Among the various chemotherapy drugs, much attention has been paid to trypoflavin (gonacrine) for gonorrhea and its complications. Barbellion provides the following theoretical justifications for the use of chemicals (triggoflavin, gotsacrine). The introduction of the drug into the body provides: 1) complete and rapid impregnation of the entire body through the hemotogenic system; 2) long-term permanent impregnation of the body as opposed to short-term local therapy; 3) the constant presence of the drug in the urine makes it bactericidal, antiseptic and allows you to disinfect the entire urogenital tract; 4) the simplicity and unity of the treatment method with all possible localization of the process makes it possible to discard all the other numerous methods; 5) simplification of the doctor's work, who often remains helpless in search of hidden foci of infection, the possibility of standardization, the ease of use of the drug, which allows it to be used in the most modest dispensary, facilitates the fight against gonorrhea.

The study of the living conditions of previously oppressed peoples in the struggle for a healthy life, for the education of a physically healthy young generation is a great socio-political task of today. I think that the fact of the huge influence of living conditions on the development of social. diseases, including rickets, is indisputable. There is still no exhaustive material in the literature on elucidating the role of everyday life in the etiology of rickets among children of the Tatar population, except for the works of Krever, Tushnov, Basyr, Agafonov. In 1931, in the Mamadysh district of the Tatrespublika, I monitored the spread of rickets both in the consultation of the town of Mamadysh and when traveling for this purpose to neighboring Tatar villages to examine children at home and in collective farm nurseries. I examined 387 children. Of these, 211 are boys and 176 are girls.

As the title suggests, the present communication concerns an area where the interests of the surgeon and therapist are alike. At the present time, when voices in favor of closer cooperation between these two vast specialties are being heard more and more, the content of our work, it seems to us, corresponds in the closest way to this direction. How often does it happen that patients who seek help from a surgeon and have undergone surgery again turn to a therapist with the same complaints, but with a scar on their abdomen. And this is not surprising. The very nature of the ailments of such patients is so stubborn that either does not give in to the knife, or gives relapses, or else forces this kind of intervention, which in itself is far from indifferent to the patient and creates his antiphysiological conditions in the body. Such are, for example, cancer and stomach ulcers with complex and daring operations and subsequent ulcuspepticum and circulus vitiosus, such are unrecognized diseases and inappropriate operations that were unnecessary and could therefore not eliminate the patient's basic and initial complaints.

Little attention was paid to the issue of intestinal obstruction during pregnancy and in the postpartum period by Russian obstetricians. While in the West, an extensive literature is devoted to this issue and? Ludwig already in 1913 could collect 96 cases, to which Lei tn er and Mikulicz-Radecki added 81 more cases in 1925, in our country until recently there were only a few such cases. Only in recent years, cases of ileus during pregnancy began to be published more often, and a number of more significant works on this issue appeared.

Recognition of visceral syphilis, with the exception of the lobular liver, until recently presented significant difficulties for clinicians, and the early forms of the disease, even on the section, were completely visible. Prophet. R. A. Luria in his monographs "Syphilis and the stomach" writes: "The early forms of syphilitic diseases of internal organs have been studied very little, especially since the very recognition of functional changes encounters great obstacles in the clinic and admits with the same picture of the disease completely different interpretations about the pathogenesis and their origin. "

A few months before the death of prof. IG Savchenko, at his suggestion, I began work on local anaphylaxis in summer frogs. On the issue of anaphylactic state in cold-blooded people, there is still no final conclusion. In warm-blooded animals, the anaphylactic state, i.e., increased sensitivity to the repeated introduction of a foreign protein, has been established with some clarity since the time of the classical works of Richet, who worked with poisonous proteins, and Arthus, who worked with non-toxic proteins, combining all the scattered facts that had been observed before. period (Magendi, Bering, Kretz, etc.) and by their systematic works created the doctrine of increased sensitivity to repeated administration of proteins, which Richet called anaphylaxis. Since that time, a colossal amount of work has appeared with the development of a method for obtaining anaphylaxis, the essence of anaphylaxis and the diagnostic use of the phenomena of anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis was developed mainly on warm-blooded animals and most of them were tried, and it was found that the vast majority of animals can get anaphylactic state, with the exception of some (rat, monkey).

A. Fournier says that the chancre of the urinary canal, although it is not a frequent phenomenon, is still observed ^ not so rarely as it is commonly thought .. It is considered a rare phenomenon only because it often remains unrecognized. Most often, it is localized near the external opening, from which it is several millimeters away, and can be seen if the opening of the urinary canal is strongly stretched. Much less often, it occupies a scaphoid fossa, where it is often not noticed during research. They even say that chancres sometimes nest deeper in the urethra itself, for example, at a distance of more than one inch from the external opening, as in one case of Berkeley nill.

Used by many doctors as a method of treating chronic inflammation of the I and II tonsils, tonsillotomy consists in cutting off the part of the tonsil that protrudes inward from the palatine arches. Often, during this operation, life-threatening and even fatal bleeding can occur if the large blood vessels of the tonsil are damaged. Therefore, it is necessary to start this operation with certain caution: it is necessary to take all measures to prevent bleeding and prepare everything necessary to stop it. Tonsillotomy should not be done: in hemophiliacs, in acute-inflammatory condition of the tonsils, in women during menses. When performing an operation on the cut off part of the amygdala, tonsillitis should be applied in such a way that it would as little as possible capture the area of ​​the lower pole of the amygdala, where branches of large vessels usually pass. The wound surface, after cutting off a part of the tonsil, is well extinguished with alcohol.

An interesting and original book, the content of which is much richer than the title suggests. This is not a monograph devoted to a narrow dermatological topic, but a series of master sketches conveying the results of the Heidelberg School of Pediatrics research on various clinical and immunological issues, grouped around the central problem of allergy.

At the present time, when questions about the role of dialectical materialism in its struggle against mechanism on the one hand and vitalism on the other are extremely acute, it is extremely necessary to get acquainted with all those deviations that are currently emerging both in our country and abroad. Rejecting both mechanism and vitalism, Blair puts forward the theory of mnemism and engrams, first established by Goering and Semon.

Until now, the journal was of a general neuropathological nature. From this volume, the journal will be dedicated specifically to nervous surgery and will involve, in addition to Estonian authors, foreign ones as well.

Lager reports one patient with postoperative bilateral bronchopneumonia. A state of severe azotemia that seemed hopeless.

Pellagra is caused by intoxication with dioxyphenylalanine in individuals who consume large amounts of maize beans.

Miliary forms of TBK often, despite the threatening symptoms, do not give any indications of TBK: the chest does not deviate from N, there are no VCs in the sputum, and X-ray does not give any changes.

Anemia often occurs with mixadema and is very often accompanied by a lack of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice. In some cases, thyroidin is enough to eliminate anemia, in others anemia persists and only the number of erythrocytes returns to normal.

Various substances introduced into the vein of the dog (met. Blue, sodium, salic., Bromine, mercury, etc.) begin to be released after 5 minutes of the gastric mucosa, duodeni and coeco-appendicular'floro area. The rest of the intestines are not secreted. The selection ends at 30-40. After 15 after the introduction into the vein, absorption begins by those parts of the intestine that are not secreted. Suction continues 50 '. With such a double passage, there is a change in the excreted and absorbed substances.

A. reports. on the results obtained with venesection of the jugular vein in cases of myocarditis with complete heart failure, when the puncture and section of the ulnar vein failed.

Caroil, Birch et al. Say that there are factors in a woman's body that prevent the development of hemophilia.

3 months treatment with liver peros and stomach extracts 1 b. with pernicious anemia did not give a result: a serious condition, E — 1000,000, achylia gastrica.

The injection of a solution of trypoflavin and histidine in healthy people caused an increase in the number of erythrocytes, an increase in% Hb, mild leukocytosis, a decrease in blood pressure (followed by a slight increase ;, an increase in blood clotting.

Examining gastric juice in pregnant women, a.a. found in 75% of all cases a reduced amount of free hydrochloric acid and pepsin.

Dick (Znbl. F. Chir. 1931) saw favorable results in the treatment of coli peritonitis — serum, especially in cases of peritonitis due to perforated appendicitis. Mortality rate - 25%; In the pre-sympathetic period of treatment of peritonitis on the same material and with the same technique, the mortality rate was 3%.

A. operated on 3 patients with thrombocytopenia. The number of plates increased, reached a maximum (up to 1,000,000) on the 11th day after the operation, then decreased and remained at numbers close to the initial ones.

Denk (Wien, med, Wochenschr. 1931, no. 40) collected 915 pages from the literature of the last 10 years and questionnaires from German, Austrian and Swiss surgeons. surgical treatment of nephritis and results.

Fisanovich AL (Soviet surgery, 1933. T. IV, issue 1) offers a modification of Frank's operation for varicocele. The incision is the same as for hernia repair.

Fuss and Faber (Deutsch. Z. L. Chir. 1931), on the basis of experiments on animals, believe that the center of gravity in the fusion of fractures is the state of blood circulation.

Genkin (Soviet surgery, 1933. T. IV, issue 1) with infiltration local anesthesia recommends using a 0.01% solution of cocaine with the addition of adrenaline. To obtain good anesthesia with 0.01% solution of cocaine m. A. must be technically correct, and the operation must not begin until 10 minutes ... after the end of the production of anesthesia.

The author argues with Wittmak, who believes that newborns are often born with otitis media due to contamination of the middle ear with amniotic fluid and even meconium; at the same time, Witt Mac points out that otitis media are associated with these early otitis media more often than is usually thought. Marx opposes this statement, relying on one feature — namely, the pneumatization of the mastoid process, which develops after birth.

The author points out that hemolytic streptococcus is often found in the pus and secretions in inflammation of the ear and nose and its accessory cavities, to which he attributes etiological significance with frequent outbreaks of erysipelas in the postoperative period. Hence, he recommends a number of measures carried out both during the production of the operation itself and during subsequent dressings.

The interest of this case lies in a complex disease (clear from the title); moreover, in addition to obvious manifestations of a purulent process in the middle ear, there were indications of a cerebral abscess;

Adler (Zntribl. F. Chir 1931) to strengthen the sutures during the operation according to the Bassini method cuts out a rectangular flap from the aponeurosis m. obliq. externi, and the base of the flap is 3 cm above the external inguinal ring.

Brun (Schweiz, med. Wochenschr. 1931, 11) distinguishes neuritis ascendens associated with the area of the skin on which the infected wound was located, and organic symptoms are subsequently often replaced by psychogenic fixation of pain. The atrophies that occur from inactivity differ from degenerative atrophies in the absence of a degeneration reaction and a uniform spread to the veto muscle.

The author describes a convenient, folding, easily sterilized instrument in the form of a bore, replacing a trocar when opening the jaw cavity through the nose, the device of this puncher guarantees, in the author's opinion, the impossibility of passing through the sinus, which happens with a trocar.

The author recommends the method developed by him for penetration into the Highmore cavity from the side of the nasal passage instead of the usual opening it (according to the method of Caldwell-Luc'a, Denker'a) 'in which it is necessary to remove a lot of healthy bone with damage to the vessels and alveolar nerves of the upper jaw, after which patients suffer from toothaches for more or less a long time; for this purpose, a hole is made in the lateral wall of the lower nasal passage, through which the cavity becomes accessible for viewing, and, if necessary, for surgical interventions.

The author recommends omnadine, a protein supplement, as opposed to various milk preparations, which causes only a mild reaction. In 4 years, the author has made over 5000 intramuscular infections with good results.

The author points out that the majority of unsuccessful adenotomy results from ignoring the morphology of the nasopharynx. There is no doubt that the size of the nasopharynx is always individually different, which is why it is necessary to familiarize yourself with the shape of the nasopharynx before the operation. It may be narrow or low, or not deep enough, or even asymmetrically constructed, which is often an expression of its inadequacy with the preservation of the type of infantile nasopharynx.

The author gives a rich literary summary of tracheal deviations in pulmonary tbc, which are usually well known to internists, but attract little attention from laryngologists; and meanwhile, pronounced displacements of the trachea in the chest cavity can put you in a difficult position, especially with the introduction of a bronchoscope, which may even turn out to be dangerous.

The author describes a special picture of the disease that he observed in children after adenotomies with symptoms of severe pain in the back of the head, aggravated by flexion and extension of the head. The disease goes away in a few days.

The author describes a rare case of a nasal polyp measuring 7.5 x 2.5 x 1 cm with almost complete fibrous degeneration.

The authors describe an interesting case of a laryngopele, of a rather large size, causing fits of suffocation from pressure on the larynx; after the operation, which went well, the patient returned to work, but after 8 months he had a relapse, requiring a secondary operation.

The staff of the eye clinic Med. Internet, and the Trachomatous Institute in the amount of 21 people.

Attended by employees of the eye clinic, the Trachomatous Institute and some of the seconded doctors in the amount of 24 people.

Attended by the staff of the Eye Clinic Med. Internet., Trachomatology. Institute, school nurse. doctors and 2 representatives of the island of the blind. A total of 25 people.

Suicide in the USA. According to the New York State Department of Health, the suicide rate in the US reached 20.2 per 100,000 inhabitants in 1932, the highest in state history. Most suicides are due to unemployment.