The method of intradermal administration of one or another antigen for diagnostic purposes is widely used in a wide variety of painful conditions of the human body. According to the reaction of the skin as a tissue to one or another antigen, they try to judge the immunobiological state of the whole organism in relation to the tested anti-gene. The so-called "skin tests", their loss, the very mechanism of skin reactions to various stimuli, of course, will be completely different depending on the properties of the antigen and the reaction of the body to it. One has to be very careful in interpreting intradermal reactions, taking into account, among other things, the fact that most drugs used for diagnostic purposes do not represent homogeneous antigens. According to their chemical and biological properties, these diagnostic drugs can be divided into two large main groups: 1) for toxins and 2) for proteins-animal, vegetable or bacterial origin- primarily atoxic or with negligible toxicity. The mechanism of skin reactions, their essence will be completely different in both groups. How simple and clear is the essence of the reaction to toxins, which is closely related to the presence or absence of antitoxic immunity, so the interpretation of the reaction of the second group is not entirely clear and difficult: in all likelihood, here we are talking about an allergic reaction—anaphylaxis. Very often used for diagnostic purposes, the drug contains both ingredients. In such cases, the "reading" of reactions is extremely difficult, the answers to both times are layered on top of each other and are often diametrically opposed (Szirmau).

Despite the fact that the diagnosis of lyuetic aortic diseases has recently been significantly clarified, despite the polysymptomicity of this disease, nevertheless, there are still a lot of unresolved issues regarding symptomatology, clinical course and their therapy.

Hyperemia of the lungs should be understood as the accumulation of an abnormal amount of blood in the vessels of the pulmonary parenchyma. Drawing an analogy with the skin, we could say that pulmonary hyperemia is the same as erythema of the skin. If we take into account the richness of the neurovascular system of lung tissue, then it should be expected that pulmonary hyperemia is a common phenomenon. That's right. In fact, all pathological processes in the lungs are accompanied by a vascular reaction. From this point of view, this phenomenon is not of independent interest. This fact is refracted quite differently if we try to consider it in the plane of an isolated clinical picture. Then this topic becomes of deep interest, and I must say that the clinical symptomatology of pulmonary hyperemia is poorly developed, and the diagnosis is unknown to a wide range of doctors.

In the second issue of the Kazan Medical Journal for this year, Prof. A. A. Kisel published an article entitled "To the doctrine of the absolute symptom complex"; this article is a further development of the thoughts expressed by Prof. Kissel in 1929 in the message "To the doctrine of the absolute symptom" (Medical case, No. 21). In this, the first in time, article, the author, having listed several symptoms characteristic of certain diseases (small nodules on the tendons in rheumatism, the course of temperature in malaria and Gochkin's diseases, cough in whooping cough, ulcer on the cheek in nome, etc.) proposed to call such symptoms "absolute". Pointing out that the clinic of many diseases has not been studied enough, he urged doctors to develop it and identify "absolute symptoms" for other diseases as well. The second article presents the symptomatic complexes typical for one or another disease: for croup pneumonia, for the onset of acute articular rheumatism, for the disease 8I1YA, dysentery, malaria, whooping cough and asthma. Considering that "the best way to treat diseases is to set baseline standards for all kinds of diseases", and that "only those diseases that have an absolute symptom complex can be identified", the author recommends that doctors study such "absolute symptom complexes" at the patient's bedside. "We can't wait," he says, "until the laboratory finds a way to distinguish some diseases from others." In both articles there are a number of indications that the laboratory, and especially bacteriology, did not justify the hopes placed on them. "It's time to put a limit to the hobby of the laboratory bias," says the first conclusion of the first article. It is necessary to "beat the lights out" in relation to the fascination of clinicians with bacteriology-it is said in the second article. In this regard, the author recalls that Prof. B ve se r, the predecessor of S. P. Botkin's department at the Military Medical Academy, considered it possible to recognize diseases by smell, for example, smallpox during suppuration-by the smell of a "sweating goose".

Fractures of various bones in humans and animals in general represent one of the most common injuries, which entails a loss of working capacity for a fairly significant period or condemns the victim to permanent disability.

Of the various issues raised in the revision of the clinical doctrine of appendicitis, relatively little attention is paid to the technique of appendectomy. Meanwhile, it cannot be said that everything is going well in this area. Here, for the most part, absolute fidelity prevails to a typical intervention in the form of an oblique incision by Mass or Riedel with an invagination method of processing the stump of an amputated process. This typical technique often acquires the character of a frozen form, from the clutches of which surgical technique cannot be freed, despite the fact that the method of operation not only restricts the thought and movement of the surgeon, but also sometimes does not allow to construct the most rational surgical care.

The flu epidemic, which captured our country in a wide wave, gave a significant increase in purulent pleurisy. In this regard, the issue of treatment with empyrean pleural cavity has taken on an urgent character and the importance of a topical issue. One of the severe consequences of acute purulent pleurisy is a non-healing fistula, chronic empyema.

The steady development of electrotherapy in recent years, based on a number of experimental studies and favorable clinical observations conducted on a large material, put electrotherapy in a prominent place among conservative methods of treating gynecological diseases. In particular, ionotherapy, as one of the methods of electrotherapy, is gradually gaining a prominent place in this regard.

In the diagnosis of gynecological diseases, the data of anamnesis, physical examination and histological mapping are successfully used. However, to facilitate and clarify the diagnosis of diseases of the female genital sphere, a number of methods have been proposed using X-rays of new rays. The first attempts, however, did not justify themselves and were not widely used in gynecological practice. These methods are currently abandoned, mainly due to the highly irritating effect of solutions on the peritoneum and mucous membrane of the uterus and tubes, and partly due to the insufficiently clear shadows obtained in the image when they are used.

X-ray diagnostics of diseases of the digestive canal, in particular chronic ulcers, gastritis and carcinoma, already at the very beginning of its development, sought to catch those direct signs that would allow reading the pathological substrate from the X-ray picture, without neglecting, of course, the functional data of the clinical picture (Golcknext, Kestle, Forsell). When he first constructed the radiological semiotics of the picture of the stomach and intestines based on the study of the anatomy and physiology of the digestive apparatus, he paid special attention to the picture of the so-called groove. the relief of the mucus of the stoi, which was obtained-in contrast to the silhouette of a completely filled stomach or intestines-after the introduction of a very small amount (1-2 sips) of contrast suspension during the study. With this method, it was possible to cover the entire surface and all the depressions of the mucosa with a thin layer of contrast mass and to obtain an image on the X-ray picture in the likeness of a bas-relief, on which all the veins, normal (état mamelonné) and pathological folds with all the functional and morphological features characteristic of this condition of the mucosa clearly protruded. This relief of the mucous surface of the bile or intestines in the X-ray picture differs from the picture in endoscopy in that it is a black-and-white drawing. Forsel's works at the time did not find sufficient guardianship in the "ilu of the abundance of data with which his studies were rich. Discussions about his works concerned mainly the painting of Si luet and its interpretation depending on the muscular structure of the abdomen and intestines. The technique of studying the relief of the internal walls of the gastrointestinal apparatus was used only by chance at the screen and was systematically rolled out more than once. It was only later that the students of Forselz, Okerlund, and especially Berg devoted themselves to the study of the relief of the mucous membrane of the digestive canal in various diseases. They also moved the question of the role and nature of mucosal changes in ulcers, gastritis, colitis and tumors from a dead point, and we already have a significant amount of work on the issue of interest to us.

Various exanthemums that appear in connection with malaria attacks have been repeatedly described in both Russian and foreign literature. It can be considered quite proven that malaria infection has its place among the extremely diverse etiological factors of skin diseases. This communication concerns the significance of malaria infection in its latent form in various dermatoses.

Hypersensitivity of the patient to one or another stimulus is often the cause of a number of skin diseases. This hypersensitivity is inherited or is the result of artificial preparation of the body (anaphylaxis, sensitization). The latter depends on a number of external factors, mainly the professional activity of the patient, and internal causes (metabolic disorders or infectious diseases), Along with the use of external agents acting directly on the affected focus, general therapy is of great importance, strengthening the body's defenses and helping the latter to overcome the complicated process. Such methods of treatment include protein therapy (injection of milk, turpentine solution, autohemotherapy, etc. d.), which aims to increase the resistance and resistance of the body (Wescragve).

Back at the end of the last century, many authors (Rozsaliegyi Behring, Stilling, etc.) noted the bactericidal effect of aniline paints, including Brillantgrün. Garbachevsky sketched a delay in the development of anthrax bacilli in serum with malachite greens at a dilution of 1:40,000. According to Rome, Gebb'a and Lohlein'a Brillantgrün acts best on Staphylococcus, diplo bacilli, streptococcus and gonococcus, and on staphylococcus and dpplobacilli it acts at a dilution of 1:40,000, on streptococcus at a dilution of 1:2500, on gonococcus only at a dilution of 1:300. Recently, the good disinfecting effect of diamond greens is also indicated by B a kal l, who conducted experiments on the effect of this green on E. coli and Staphylococcus. At the same time, it turned out that E. coli is killed in vitro in the dilution of brilliant greens 1:400, while staphylococcus is already killed at a rate of 1:4000 with a five-minute exposure. The same author disinfected the surgical field with diamond greens: 1% aqueous solution, 1% (40°) alcohol and 1% (96°) alcohol, and obtained equally good results in terms of sterilization of the surgical field. In the same way, the author achieved 1% (96°) with an alcohol solution of diamond greens complete sterilization of cutting tools within 15 minutes. Petrosyants performed experiments with diamond greens in order to find out its bactericidal nature and came to the same conclusion as Bacall.

Calmette. Tuberculosis virus, prebacillary granules and bacillosis (Pr. med. 1930, No. 23). The discovery by Fontés (1910) of invisible filterable virulent elements in tuberque. This was disputed and ignored until 1923 . Since that time and after the work of Vandremer Calmette, he has undertaken a number of experimental works, as a result of which he proposed the term tuberculosis ultravirus, the presence of invisible virulent filterable elements in organs, pus, sputum, blood, urine, milk, in the pleurisy. gray-fib-rin. effusions and also in young cultures of Koch bacilli; the passage of these elements through the placenta, infection and intoxication of newborns with these filtered elements, which were hardly cultivated only on vitamin-rich media, and gave in these cultures a toxin very active and labile, from tuberculins; the action of this toxin should be attributed to "unexplained deaths" and progressive emaciation, so frequent in the first weeks after childbirth in children from tubal mothers.

Clinical study of rheumatic diseases of the heart. A. V. A. Schwartze (Journal of America. med. associât., 94, №,12, 1930) cites the results of examinations of 58 cases of heart disease; 40 of them are under 16 years old, 12 are between 16 and 35, 6 are over 35 years old.

Albert. S. Human (Journal of Amer. med. associat. 94, No. 15,1930) reports 9 cases of thoracic toad developed as a complication of acute influenza observed in 412 patients in the period from 1925 to 1929.

V. Kolischer in the article "The problem of cancer in all aspects of modern vision" (Journal of Amer. med. assoc. V. 94, No. 9, 1930) indicates that cancer is a local manifestation of a common disease; it occurs when various factors interfere with the interaction between stimulating and regulating forces of the body.

Davida. Smith indicate (Journ. American. med. associât. V. 94, No. 1, 1930), that in addition to secondary bronchial and lung diseases, primary lung disease with fusospirochetes is sometimes found in Vincentian angina.

Lila M. Bonner reports (Journ. Améric. med. associât. 94, No. 14, 1930) about 6 cases of primary lung cancer verified by autopsy

Blood transfusion from 3 donors in acute anemia. Dr. Lars Dahlgren (Zentralblatt f. Char. 1931, No. 4) cites a case from his practice where a patient from 6 months.

The use of a hypertonic solution of table salt for intestinal obstruction. R. Denis (Presse med. 1930. No. 12) in addition to the previous work (Presse med. 1929. Novembre, 23), based on animal experiments and clinical observations, notes that hypochloremia, observed in intestinal obstruction, is also found in pylorus stenosis, and according to that, the indications for injection of a solution of table salt are the same here as in the case of underlying intestinal blockage

Chronic-inflammatory tumors of the colon (so called. diverticulitis). Dr. A. Wunderlich (Zentralblatt f. Chir. 1931. No. 4), - indicates the frequency of diverticular formation, and accordingly the frequency of diverticulitis of the intestinal canal, especially in the colon.

Are there enough X-rays in 2 planes to make a correct judgment about fractures of the ulna. Dr. Nussbaum (Zentralblatt f. Char. 1931. No. 4) cites a case of a fracture of the ulna, where, in addition to the usual X-rays of the forearm in 2 positions (supination and ulnar), which did not give a clear picture of the cause of the loss of working capacity, the 3rd picture was taken in the pronation position, which made it possible to accurately judge the condition of the fracture and the degree of disability.

On the treatment of fractures of the tibial head. Prof. Max Käppis (Zentralblat f. Chirurgie. 1931. No. 4)—based on his practice, he comes to the conclusion that every fracture of the tibia should be treated in a way suitable for this form of fracture, but, if possible, not in a shelter way.

E. HoedemakernM. Burns. ((Journ. of America. med. Assoc. 1930, juli) describe the results they obtained from the treatment of parkinsonism 10 Q/o tincturae stramonii in the 31st patient (4 classic. paralysis agitans, 27 consequences of epid, encephalitis).

Nogarni (Klin. Monat, f. Aug. 1931, Bd. 86 März) during the bacteriological examination of pieces of trachomatous tissue isolated a pure culture of microorganisms, in his opinion similar to those that O with h i obtained histologically.

Meeting on January 9, 1931
1. Prof. P. M. Krasin. The "Caesarean section" for purulent peritonitis found it possible to perform the procedure during a 5-month pregnancy to remove the dead fetus. The outcome is favorable (demonstration of the patient). Debate'. I. K. Sluckovskiy and B. V. Ogne V.

E. G. Garnet demonstrated a 9-year-old girl about a malignant tumor of the mediastinum. The tumor is growing rapidly, has germinated into the bronchi, there are symptoms of compression. The general condition of the child is poor, swelling of the face, neck. Pleurisy appeared. Histological examination of the tumor (biopsy) performed by Prof. V. G. Shtefko, the case of angio-epithelioma. This tumor, as pointed out by prof. V. G. Shtefko, already by virtue of its nature, it is characteristic to pass into sarcoma, the patient undergoes X-ray therapy. Recently, there has been some improvement in the general condition. Prof. A. A. Kisel noted the exceptional rarity of the demonstrated case. The improvement of the general condition over the last period can be attributed to the fluid pumped out of the pleural cavity, and the influence of X-rays is also possible.

I. Prof. A. I Xrockiy. On the rational method of treating diphtheria. The main provisions of the report are as follows: the serum should be administered in such quantities as not only to weaken the symptoms of D., but also to completely destroy them. If there is no doubt that the antitoxin cannot restore the elements of the body that have already been destroyed by the time the serum is administered, then, on the other hand, in each individual case we cannot know whether the symptoms depend (hyperemia and swelling of the throat, hoarseness of the voice, the phenomena of cardiac degeneration, etc. P.) from irreversible changes caused by the toxin, or they indicate a continuing poisoning of the body with toxins. Therefore, serotherapy should be carried out as follows: upon admission of a patient with manifestations (at least mild) of D. he should be immediately injected with a sufficient dose of antitoxin (at least 10 thousand units), if the next day he has more symptoms of D. (raids, swelling, sweat, inflammatory glands, etc.), 10 thousand are injected again (in more severe cases, 20 thousand in the morning and evening). In severe cases, it is necessary to inject up to 140-160 tons or more for the entire duration of treatment. In no case should the administration of serum be stopped only when the condition improves, it should be administered daily until all symptoms disappear. Of the 248 cases of D. cited by the speaker (102 of them of moderate severity and 59 severe, among them 18 of croup), 3 died, and in 2 of them the above-described principle of treatment was violated. Mortality when using the method of treatment indicated by the speaker-calculated by him, the serum should be of a sufficiently high titer (1000-1500 t. units in 1 kb. see).

Prof. I. S. A l u f was elected Chairman of the Regional Medical Association in Kazan.
40) On June 10, a solemn meeting of the surgical sections of the Scientific Council of the NCZ of Ukraine and the Kharkiv Med took place in Kharkiv. On the occasion of the 16th anniversary of the existence of the first Soviet surgical journal "New Surgical Archive with a report by the editor-in-chief and founder of the journal Prof. Gal nerna. Editorial office of "Kaz. med. zhurn." he welcomes the hero of the day and wishes him to serve for the benefit of Soviet surgery for many years to come.