All organ transplants have the goal of implanting a given graft in a new location. In order to successfully achieve this goal a number of conditions are necessary, which lie, on the one hand, in the properties of the transplant itself, and on the other hand, in the properties of the organism accepting the latter. The graft should show the ability to be vital and adaptable in order to be preserved until, with the sprouting of new vessels, nutrition is established in the new environment; it should show the ability to grow and stability in order to overcome all those obstacles which are connected with its transfer into the new environment.

The wave of jaundice epidemics, which swept across Europe in recent years, served as an even greater incentive to study the issue and gave a large clinical material for observation. As far as I know, these new data have found very little reflection in the Russian literature.

In Nos. 3-4 of the "Medical Gazette" of 1923, there is a short report of Prof. Yakimov and doc. Solovtsova about attempts of treatment of relapsing typhus by intravenous injections of antimony. The authors used as a preparation 1% solution of double salt of tartaric potassium and antimony (tartar emeticus), which was injected at first 4 cc, and then 18 cc. pro dosi. The injections led to a drop in temperature, but did not prevent seizures. The authors are inclined to attribute the indicated incomplete effect to an insufficient dose and recommend further observation in this direction. In view of the above, I will allow myself to share the experience that I have about intravenous application of stibio-kalii tartarici solutions both for relapsing fever and for malaria.

A wandering spleen, as we know, is a spleen that has left its normal, anatomical receptacle and moves freely in the abdominal cavity. Displacement of this organ may be congenital (due to the absence of normal ligaments and enteroptosis congenita), but much more often such a displacement is acquired. Causes of the latter are: trauma, increase of the spleen due to those or other disease processes (malaria, leukemia, tumors), especially general enteroptosis or, more correctly, general ptosis (omission) of abdominal organs, intestines, spleen, liver, kidneys, occurring due to distension of abdominal walls and weakening of intra-abdominal pressure in women who have many children.

Compression of the common bile duct by an enlarged pancreas, with subsequent obstructive jaundice, is one of the most interesting phenomena in the corresponding field of surgery, and therefore, to illustrate it, we will present the following particular case.

When Küstner, in 1890, first suggested allowing women in labor to stand up early (on the first or second day after delivery), many doubted the advisability of this suggestion, but no one was particularly interested in this question. Only after Boldt and then Krönig again raised the question of early standing up after childbirth and surgery, recommending it as a way to prevent blood clots and blockage of the pulmonary artery, did the question stir great interest, as it touched on one of the sore spots of modern surgery.

There are only about 30 descriptions of cases of the so-called "acute ataxia", which usually develops after infectious diseases, in the literature available to me, so every case of this disease deserves our attention. The entire literature on the subject should be divided into two periods: in the first, all cases of acute ataxia, both spinal and cerebellar, were described together, without distinction; the second period begins with the works of Bekhterev and Nonne, who singled out cases of acute cerebellar ataxia into a special group.

Two famine years in the Volga region gave mass disease of its population by non-protein edema, and in the overwhelming majority children fell ill, which served as material for the present report. Proteinless edema in children was described by Barthez and Rilliet, Cadet de Guassicont, Filatov and others as a comparatively rare disease, sometimes developing primarily and sometimes during acute infections (scarlatina, measles, typhus, etc.).

The years we have just lived through have given us many striking examples of the enormous role that nutrition plays in people's lives. Whichever side of the latter we take, it will reflect the state of nutrition; whichever social phenomenon we measure, the best scale is the number of calories per capita; fertility, mortality, morbidity, marriage rate all these demographic variables fall and rise in parallel with changes in nutritional conditions.

Under this title in the "Medical Review" (No. 8, 1922) is a translation from a manuscript of an article by Kronfeld, a representative of the new, young psychological or phenomenological school of psychiatrists in Germany (as opposed to the purely clinical-nosological direction of the Kgerelin school). Kronfeld points out that through all modern psychotherapeutic schools, beginning with Dubois and ending with Alford Adler, runs through one basic idea, that the painful phenomena in functional neuroses are the external expression of a certain warehouse of character and form of reaction. Symptoms are deduced genetically from the psychoreactive and psychogenic development of the psychophysical organization.

On the basis of numerous personal observations over the years and extensive material from medical institutions, as well as clinically verified stationary material from the Kazan Clinical Institute (84 cases of mal. tertianae), Luria reaches the following conclusions, among others.

Borcherat concluded that only in malignant anemia and hemolytic jaundice the jaundice is dissociative, because here there are bile pigments in blood and urine, while there are no bile acids.

After preliminary injections of cultures of typhoid bacilli and emulsion of red blood globules of ram, the author found that the venous blood of the spleen contains significantly more agglutinins and hemolysins than the venous blood of other organs.

After repeated passing of defibrinated blood through the vessels of the surviving spleen, the authors established the fact of very significant formation of bile pigment in this case.

In many cases of catarrhal jaundice, syphilitic jaundice, etc. the author found crystals of leucine and tyrosine in the urine. Hence, the author denies "catarrhal jaundice" as such and comes to the necessity to recognize the damage of the liver cells themselves under the influence of blood infection or intoxication.

The authors found in their experiments that even a single per os injection of polyvalent vaccines (cholera, typhoid, dysentery) leads to the appearance of significant amounts of agglutinins in the blood.

It is known that b. coli is the causative agent in almost 70% of acute pyelitis. But how does the renal pelvis become infected? There are 3 theories: 1) hematogenic (descending), 2) intestinal (hematogenic and lymphogenic) and 3) ascending (through the lymphatic vessels of the ureter and ureteric lumen). According to the descending gematogenic theory, especially widespread in France and America, pathogenic microorganisms that entered the blood in one way or another, being excreted by the kidneys, infect the renal pelvis.

The question about the mechanism of protein therapy has not yet been resolved, why every new thought in this field attracts our attention. On the basis of a number of premises and data of immunity and anaphylaxis Zenovich-Kashchenko states "that parenteral administration of milk causes accumulation in the organism of a considerable amount of amboceptors, which attract on themselves, fix, bind the serum complement and thus weaken or stop the disease process, if it is only lysine.

Observations made by Prof. N. Chistovich on one patient whose postmortem examination revealed the presence of cystic kidney degeneration showed that excretion of urea, phosphate and chloride in this disease is extremely difficult, urea content in blood increases to threatening sizes, water excretion, if sufficient with moderate drinking, becomes unsatisfactory with increased water infusion, and the ability to liquefy urine suffers greatly.

The author describes the treatment of pielitis according to Meyer-Wetz-Haas'y in combination with Lenhartz's method. Meuer-Wetz, based on the fact that b. coli grows poorly in acid medium, and Haas on the fact that urotropine detaches formaldehyde only in acid medium, and that the growth of the bacilli is inversely proportional to the urine concentration, independently of each other suggested treating pielites with a dry acid diet, combining it with oral administration of urotropine, salicylates and phosphoric acid.

Spleen abscesses are a rare complication of relapsing fever. They develop at different periods of the disease, and they can develop even 2-3 weeks after the last attack.

Proceeding from the idea that spontaneous gangrene is the result of the presence of vasoconstrictors in the blood, Glebovich performed a series of experiments with the serum of this kind of patients, diluted in Ringer-Lock's fluid, passing it through an isolated rabbit ear by the method of Prof. Kravkov.

Microscopic picture of adrenal gland in spontaneous gangrene is characterized by significant deviations from the norm, namely: 1) the stratum glomerulosum of this organ in young patients appears to have lost its typical pattern, and in older patients it has completely disappeared; 2) the stratum fasciculare also appears to have lost its pattern; 3) the intermediate zone of Virchow is strongly thickened and gives branches into the brain tissue; 4) the brain layer also thickens, but only in older patients.

Recently, in connection with Oppel's theory about causal dependence of spontaneous gangrene on adrenal hyperfunction, the question about the technique of removal of the latter has become acute. Out of 2 ways to the adrenal gland, perperitoneal and extraperitoneal, from the lumbar region, the author prefers the latter.

The author used a polyvalent staphylococcal vaccine for furunculosis.

The author reports the results obtained at the Bern Clinic in the surgical treatment of ulcers with gastroenterostomy. The total number of cases was 180. Not a single ulcer perforated after the operation, bleeding was observed very rarely.

Complete bilateral disconnection of a segment of the intestine in intestinal fistulas usually does not eliminate the latter, since the secret of the glands of the mucosa of this segment continues to be secreted from the disconnected segment and maintains the existence of the fistula.

Based on his own 113 arthroplasty operations, he concludes that an absolute indication for arthroplasty is jaw ankylosis, bilateral ankylosis of the hip joint, and ankylosis of the elbow in the unflexed position.

The author applied this method in 68 patients with sepsis. The infusion was made into one of the saphenous veins of the upper or lower limb, in an amount of up to 1000 cfu of arg. nitr. 0,1:1000.

The authors report the result of a critical evaluation of various "stabilizing" foot surgeries by a special committee of American scientists, based on their study of extensive clinical material.

Separate fractures of the tibiae and fibulae lead, respectively, to a reduced and a retreated position of the foot. When the fracture is cured by the usual conservative methods, the ankle movements are either severely restricted or even disappear altogether.

In examining the process of biological development of bone in connection with the question of bone grafts, the author found that under the supra-cartilage there are absolutely no cells that would be similar to osteoblasts, and the latter, in turn, are completely unlike cartilage cells.

Having studied the issue of blood transfusions on a large scale, the author was convinced that the cause of the shock sometimes observed lies not in hemolysins, but in hemagglutinins: if the blood serum of the person to whom blood is transfused contains agglutinins to the red blood globules of the person from whom blood is taken, which occurs on average in 5%, then such blood is unsuitable for transfusion.

On the basis of numerous measurements, the author concludes that in the living C. v. is not 11, but only 10.3 centimeters, with the lower limit for the normal pelvis being 9.5 centimeters.

The author observed a case of twin pregnancy, where, in his opinion, there was an undoubted superfetation (a new conception in a woman already pregnant).

In examining the issue of uterine damage during the operation of instrumental removal of the fetus, the author concludes that the intrauterine use of a spoon and abortion forceps in pregnancies past the 10th week is against common sense, erroneous, and deserves to be punished.

According to the author's observations, typhus in pregnant women runs the same way as in non-pregnant women, even as if it were a little easier.

According to the data of Muther, which includes 93 cases of surgical treatment of tubal pregnancy, recurrent pregnancy in women who underwent graviditatem extrauterinam occurs in 46.2% (42 out of 93 cases), and in 73.8% it turns out to be uterine and only in 26.2% - extrauterine.

The author finds that pregnancy in general, as a rule, protects and develops the mental and nervous functions of the woman's body. Cases of its harmful effect on the nervous system and psyche are rather the exception.

The author observed a complete Herzblock (diagnosis confirmed by electrocardiogram) in a 22-year-old woman who gave birth for the first time.

Intravenous infusion of 40% urotropine solution is recommended by Goetz as a means of preventing postoperative urinary tract infection and postoperative urinary retention.

Spermatozoa play an important role in the upward spread of gonorrhea through the female genital tract, carrying gonococci, and probably other germs, from one section of the female genital tract to another.

In cytological studies of gonorrhoeal pus, so far all the attention of researchers has turned to eosinophils and mast cells. According to the author's observations, gonococci are usually never found in eosinophils, and also in mononuclear cells, but usually in neutrophils, which therefore deserve attention.

To stop such bleeding, the author considers uterine cavity tamponation completely unsuitable, but recommends putting a tight bandage on the abdomen and simultaneously tamponize tightly with gauze sleeve, starting from the posterior fornix.

Determination of this rate makes it easy to distinguish malignant tumors (rate increased) from benign (rate normal), hemorrhagic tumors of uterine appendages (rate increased) from serous (rate normal), chronic inflammations of appendages (rate normal) from acute, especially naginous (sedimentation accelerated).

In mechanical dysmenorrhea, depending on excessive uterine anteflexion, which anteflexion, in turn, is usually a companion of infantilism, dilation of the cervical feces with Hepar's dilators and the like gives a mostly transient effect.

The author describes the excellent results he obtained in X-rays, in patients with uterine fibroids, pituitary gland.

Taking into account the irritating effect of small doses of x-rays on tissues, he applied ovarian X-rays, in small doses, in a significant number of patients with amenorrhea depending on the weakening of ovarian functions.

When bleeding depends on disorders of the ovaries, it is necessary to X-ray these latter, to achieve bloodless castration with x-rays; if, however, X-raying had to be started already in the 2nd half of the menstrual phase, then to obtain a favorable effect during the nearest regurgitation, spleen illumination must be joined to this.

The author used radium in 500 patients suffering from uterine bleeding depending on benign uterine diseases (most of them were women with menopausal bleeding, as well as patients with uterine myomas, etc.)