Specific dysphoric disorders in epilepsy

Abstract

To analyze affective-somatoform (dysphoric) disorders specific to epilepsy.

Dysphoric disorders can be divided into 3 groups: “periictal” disorders, interictal dysphoric disorder and alternative affective-somatoform syndromes. There are 3 groups of risk factors for affective disorders in epilepsy including depressive and dysphoric: those associated with the disease, those associated with the treatment and those associated with psychosocial aspects. Treatment for depression in epilepsy includes medication and psychotherapy. At the first stage of drug therapy, anticonvulsants are corrected, and at the second, an antidepressant is added. Cognitive behavioral therapy is the most effective method of psychotherapy.

Dysphoric disorders in epilepsy are presented by a wide range of conditions, both paroxysmal and non-paroxysmal, and have their own classification and development factors, which must be taken into account when choosing adequate therapy.

Keywords

epilepsy / affective disorders / dysphoria / depression

References

[1] Rashid H., Upadhyay A.D., Pandey R.M., Katyal J. Point prevalence of depression in persons with active epilepsy and impact of methodological moderators: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsy Behav. 2021; 125: 108394. DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108394.

[2] Krishnamoorthy E.S., Trimble M.R., Blumer D. The classification of neuropsychiatric disorders in epilepsy: a proposal by the et al. Commission on Psychobiology of Epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2007; 10 (3): 349–353. DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2006.10.002.

[3] Kraepelin E. Psychiatrie. Band 3. Johann Ambrosius Barth; Leipzig, Germany 1923.

[4] Bertschy G., Gervasoni N., Favre S., Liberek C., Ragama-Pardos E., Aubry J-M., Gex-Fabry M., Dayer A. Frequency of Dysphoria and Mixed States. Psychopathology. 2008; 41: 187–193. DOI: 10.1159/000120987.

[5] Mula M., Jauch R., Cavanna A., Gaus V., Kretz R., Collimedaglia L., Barbagli D., Cantello R., Monaco F., Schmitz B. Interictal dysphoric disorder and periictal dysphoric symptoms in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2010; 51 (7): 1139–1145. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02424.x.

[6] Gaitatzis A., Trimble M., Sander J. The psychiatric comorbidity of epilepsy. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2004; 110 (4): 207–220. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2004.00324.x.

[7] Кустов Г.В., Акжигитов Р.Г., Лебедева А.В., Почигаева К.И., Гехт А.Б. Межприступное дисфорическое расстройство: современное состояние проблемы. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. Спецвыпуски. 2017; 117 (9): 39–43. DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20171179239-43 / Kustov G.V., Akzhigitov R.G., Lebedeva A.V., Pochigayeva K.I., Guekht A.B. Interictal dysphoric disorder: a current state of the problem. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry (special issues). 2017; 117 (9): 39–43. DOI: 10.17116/jnevro 20171179239-43 (in Russian).

[8] Blanchet P., Frommer G.P. Mood Change Preceding Epileptic Seizures. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1986; 174 (8): 471–476. DOI: 1097/00005053-198608000-00005.

[9] Воробьева О.В., Стаднюк Ю.И. Расстройства настроения, ассоциированные с эпилепсией: подходы к диагностике и терапии. Эпилепсия 2015; 1 (16) / Vorob'eva O.V., Stadnjuk Ju.I. Rasstrojstva nastroenija, associirovannye s jepilepsiej: podhody k diagnostike i terapii. Jepilepsija 2015; 1 (16) (in Russian).

[10] Mula M. The interictal dysphoric disorder. In: Trimble M., Schmitz B., ed. The Neuropsychiatry Of Epilepsy. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press 2011; 80–89. DOI: 10.1017/ CBO9780511977145.009.

[11] Blumer D., Montouris G., Davies K. The interictal dysphoric disorder: recognition, pathogenesis, and treatment of the major psychiatric disorder of epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2004; 5 (6): 826–840. DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2004.08.003.

[12] Zinchuk M., Kustov G., Pashnin E., Gersamia A., Rider F., Yakovlev A., Guekht A. Validation of the Russian version of neurological disorders depression inventory for epilepsy (NDDI-E). Epilepsy Behav. Academic Press Inc. 2020; 113 (107549).

[13] Mula М., Iudice А., La Neve А. Mazza M., Mazza S., Cantello R., Kanner A.M. Validation of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression m adults with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2014; 41: 122–5. DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.08.029.

[14] Mula M. The Interictal Dysphoric Disorder of Epilepsy: a Still Open Debate. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports. 2013; 13 (6). DOI: 10.1007/s11910-013-0355-2.

[15] Grzegorzewska A.M., Wiglusz M.S., Cubała W.J. Dysphoria and Irritability – Diagnostic Pitfalls in the Assessment of Interictal Dysphoric Disorder in Epilepsy. J Clin Med. 2021; 10 (19): 4624. DOI: 10.3390/jcm10194624.

[16] Amiri M., Hansen C. The interictal dysphoric disorder in patients with epilepsy: A doubtful disorder lacking diagnostic tools. Seizure. 2015; 24: 70–76. DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2014.08.009.

[17] Blumer D., Herzog A.G., Himmelhoch J., Salgueiro C.A., Ling F.W. To What Extent Do Premenstrual and Interictal Dysphoric Disorder Overlap? Significance for Therapy. J. Affect. Disord. 1998; 48: 215–225. DOI: 10.1016/S0165-0327(97)00173-0.

[18] Усюкина М.В., Корнилова С.В., Лаврущик М.В. Депрессивные расстройства при эпилепсии. Доктор.Ру. 2017; 8 (137): 38–43 / Usyukina M.V., Kornilova S.V., Lavrushchik M.V. Depressive Disorders in Epilepsy Patients. Doctor.Ru. 2017; 8 (137): 38–43 (in Russian).

[19] Landolt H. Some clinical electroencephalographical correlations in epileptic psychoses (twilight states). Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1953; 5: 121–30.

[20] Tellenbach H. Epilepsie als anfallsleiden und als psychose. Uber alternative psychosen paranoider praegung bei "forcierter normalisierung" (landolt) des elektroencephalogramms epileptischer [Epilepsy as a convulsive disorder and as a psychosis. On alternative psychoses of paranoid nature in "forced normalization" (landolt) of the electroencephalogram of epileptics]. Nervenarzt. 1965; 36: 190–202. German. PMID: 14308489.

[21] Loganathan M.A., Enja M., Lippmann S. Forced normalization: epilepsy and psychosis interaction. Innov Clin Neurosci. 2015; 12 (5–6): 38–41.

[22] Blumer D., Altshuler L. Affective disorders. In: Engel J., Pedley A., eds. Epilepsy: acomprehensive textbook. Philadelphia 1998; 2083–99.

[23] Nishida T., Kudo T., Inoue Y., Nakamura F., Yoshimura M., Matsuda K., Yagi K., Fujiwara T. Postictal Mania versus Postictal Psychosis: Differences in Clinical Features, Epileptogenic Zone, and Brain Functional Changes during Postictal Period. Epilepsia 2006; 47 (12): 2104–2114. DOI: 10.1111/ j.1528-1167.2006.00893.x.

[24] Nogueira M.H., Yasuda C.L., Coan A.C., Kanner A.M., Cendes F. Concurrent mood and anxiety disorders are associated with pharmacoresistant seizures in patients with MTLE. Epilepsia 2017; 58: 1268–1276. DOI: 10.1111/epi.13781.

[25] Mula M., Kanner A.M., Jetté N., Sander J.W. Psychiatric Comorbidities in People With Epilepsy. Neurol Clin Pract. 2021; 11 (2): 112–120. DOI: 10.1212/CPJ.0000000000000874.

[26] Воробьева О.В., Скрипкин А.Ю. Депрессия у пациентов, страдающих эпилепсией (особенности феноменологии и подходы к лечению). Лечебное дело 2010; 2: 96–104 / Vorobieva O.V., Skripkin A.Yu. Depression in Patients with Epilepsy (Phenomenology Features and Approaches to Treatment). Lechebnoe delo 2010; 2: 96–104 (in Russian).

[27] Blumer D. Dysphoric disorders and paroxysmal affects: recognition and treatment of epilepsy-related psychiatric disorders. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2000; 8: 8–17.

[28] Mula M., Sander J.W. Current and emerging drug therapies for the treatment of depression in adults with epilepsy. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2019; 20: 41–45. DOI: 10.1080/ 14656566.2018.1543402.

[29] Elger C.E., Johnston S.A., Hoppe C. Diagnosing and treating depression in epilepsy. Seizure. 2017; 44: 184–193. DOI: 10.1016/ j.seizure.2016.10.018.

[30] Li D., Song Y., Zhang S. Li D., Song Y., Zhang S., Qiu J., Zhang R., Wu J., Wu Z., Wei J., Xiang X., Zhang Y., Yu L., Wang H., Niu P., Fan C., Li X. Cognitive behavior therapy for depression in people with epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsy & Behavior; 2023; 138: 109056. DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.109056.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Eco-Vector