Bladder cancer (BC) is an increasingly common malignancy in China, with an incidence rate of 5.80 per 100 000 in 2015, making it the thirteenth most common cancer in the country. This trend underscores the urgent need for standardized diagnosis and treatment protocols. In terms of treatment, approaches for bladder cancer vary based on the cancer’s stage and pathology, as well as the patient’s overall health. Notably, non-muscle-invasive BC (NMIBC) confined to the mucosa (Ta) and lamina propria (T1) without invading the muscle represents about 75% of all BC cases. Succeeding the first part of the guideline, this part of the clinical practice guideline focuses on NMIBC. It details risk classifications and treatment options, including both surgical procedures and posttransurethral resection of the bladder tumor intravesical instillations. Special attention is given to the treatment strategies for carcinoma in situ. The guideline also covers the recommended follow-up procedures for patients with NMIBC, underscoring the need for thorough and continuous care management.
This paper explores the advancement and application of high-power blue diode lasers in treating benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Addressing the challenges posed by existing techniques, the study focuses on optimizing tissue removal methods. Energy platform for BPH should balance a range of factors, such as operative time, patient conditions, urinary functions, complications, durability, accessibility, and cost, all while prioritizing patient care. Blueray Medical’s innovation of high-power blue diode laser systems for BPH surgery is explored, with emphasis on achieving a balance among these considerations. By illustrating the biomedical effects of lasers and their interaction with soft tissues, particularly emphasizing the role of photon absorption by biomolecules and proteins in tissue behavior, this study outlines the advantages of the high-power blue diode laser system. The initial laboratory experiments and clinical results consistently align with our theoretical predictions, especially in terms of tissue vaporization efficiency, tissue coagulation, and bleeding control. In conclusion, blue diode lasers hold potential to enhance surgical outcomes for BPH. Their unique properties offer benefits like improved tissue removal rate and reduced thermal damages. Integrating blue laser technology into BPH protocols could lead to shorter hospital stays, cost savings, and expanded patient eligibility, although rigorous clinical studies are needed to fully understand their benefits and limitations.
Infertility is a pervasive issue affecting a considerable proportion of couples in their reproductive years, with a projected 10%–15% prevalence. It is characterized by the incapability to achieve conception following a year of consistent, unprotected intercourse, and its far-reaching consequences can take a profound emotional, psychological, and social toll on couples, inducing feelings of melancholy, exasperation, and anxiety. The appraisal of infertile couples’ cases is a multifaceted and daunting process, necessitating a holistic understanding of the intricate underlying factors contributing to their infertility. Consequently, an individualized evaluation should be conducted, considering diverse parameters, such as the couple’s medical history, age, infertility duration, and other relevant criteria. This paper will provide an in-depth overview of the current approaches utilized in the evaluation of men with infertility, including the commonly employed diagnostic tools and procedures. Enhancing our comprehension of infertility assessment and management holds the promise of helping couples achieve their ultimate desire of conceiving and enriching their overall quality of life.
Prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease process with a wide spectrum of clinicopathologic variables that impact diagnosis, risk stratification, and management. To improve diagnostic accuracy and to better inform clinical decision making, the development of molecular biomarkers has undergone considerable discovery and clinical validation in the past decade. Prostate cancer is no longer seen as a single disease entity but one with considerable heterogeneity existing between tumors and between patients. Biomarkers now allow for more personalized and precision-based approaches to management that otherwise would have depended on applying clinical algorithms alone. The aim of this review is to discuss and evaluate prostate cancer tissue-based biomarkers that have been developed to aid diagnosis, improve risk stratification, and management.