Sport-related concussion in Brazilian professional soccer: A four-year prospective epidemiological analysis

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the incidence and other significant features of craniomaxillofacial trauma (CMFT), particularly Sport-Related Concussion (SRC), among professional soccer players from two major leagues in Brazil. This is a prospective epidemiological study which assessed two divisions of the national championship and large regional one over four seasons. Data were gathered from soccer clubs and their medical staff using two online forms. Data related to players (age and position) and injuries (diagnosis, type, body location, laterality, field location, tests performed, need for surgery, time lost in sports, and recurrence) were collected. Between 2016 and 2019, a total of 15 seasons, comprising 3 828 matches and 126 ​324 hours (h) of gameplay, were analyzed. A total of 299 CMFT cases were reported, with a median incidence of 2.37 per 1 000 ​h of play. Among them, there were 178 head and 121 face traumas, which led to 87 SRC (representing 29.10% of all CMFT), with an incidence of 0.69. Defensive midfielders (14.43%) and goalkeepers (14.00%) had the highest prevalence rates of CMFT. Only 3.68% of the injuries, mostly lacerations and fractures, required surgical treatment. This study identified that the average time lost in sports due to SRC was 5.12 days, with a recurrence rate of 12.71%. SRC are a frequent consequence of CMFT in Brazilian professional soccer. Although most cases are mild, there is a high recurrence rate, which may have long-term implications.

Keywords

Concussion / Craniomaxillofacial trauma / Head trauma / Traumatic brain injury / Soccer / Sport

Ethical approval statement

This study was guided by ethical standards and national and international laws. It was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of São Paulo under registration number “CAAE 56723616.3.0000.5505". All study participants provided informed consent.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Guilherme Corrêa de Araújo Moury Fernandes: Writing - review & editing, Writing - original draft, Methodology, Formal analysis. Ewerton Borges de Souza Lima: Writing - review & editing, Writing - original draft, Visualization, Validation, Supervision, Software, Resources, Project administration, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Conceptualization. Paulo Henrique Schmidt Lara: Writing - review & editing, Writing - original draft, Visualization, Validation, Supervision, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis. Ana Camila de Castro Gandolfi: Writing - review & editing, Writing - original draft, Visualization, Validation, Supervision, Data curation, Conceptualization. Jorge Roberto Pagura: Validation, Supervision, Project administration, Data curation, Conceptualization. Gustavo Gonçalves Arliani: Visualization, Validation, Supervision, Conceptualization. Moisés Cohen: Visualization, Validation, Supervision, Project administration, Conceptualization.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgements

We thank all club doctors who took time to complete the forms. We also would like to thank editage (www.editage.com) for language editing.

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