Exercise and nutrition benefit skeletal muscle: From influence factor and intervention strategy to molecular mechanism

Abstract

Sarcopenia is a progressive systemic skeletal muscle disease induced by various physiological and pathological factors, including aging, malnutrition, denervation, and cardiovascular diseases, manifesting as the decline of skeletal muscle mass and function. Both exercise and nutrition produce beneficial effects on skeletal muscle growth and are viewed as feasible strategies to prevent sarcopenia. Mechanisms involve regulating blood flow, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, protein synthesis and degradation, and satellite cell activation through exerkines and gut microbiomes. In this review, we summarized and discussed the latest progress and future development of the above mechanisms for providing a theoretical basis and ideas for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia.

Keywords

Skeletal muscle / Sarcopenia / Exercise / Diet / Exerkines / Signaling pathway / Satellite cells

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We thank the editors and reviewers of Sports Medicine and Health Science for supporting open science and hard work. We also thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China Grants (32171128 to Z.J., Tian).