Deep ultraviolet light-emitting device (DUV-LED) package is a hotspot of growing concern for research scholars, it is through the LED semiconductor LEDs emit UVC band ultraviolet (typical wavelength 260 ∼ 280 nm), is a new type of healthy artificial light source, compared with the traditional UV light source mercury lamps, the DUV-LED has a wavelength of accurate and controllable, green. Due to the high-energy DUV-UV radiation capability, it has a strong bactericidal and inactivation effect on bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms. In recent years, with the continuous progress of deep packaging technology, the optical efficiency and reliability of DUV- LEDs have been significantly improved. This paper summarizes the key technologies of DUV packaging, the performance of DUV-LEDs, and the application of DUV-LEDs, through the understanding of the packaging materials, packaging structure, packaging process, and so on to improve the performance of DUV-LEDs, so that it is better to apply to the market, which can be seen that the DUV-LEDs have a great prospect for development.

Known in nanoelectronics a solid-state quantum size systems motivate creating like systems using the surface electrons on liquid helium. The quantum carry of quasi-one-dimensional surface electrons (Q1D-SEs) over superfluid helium is considered here. Research is conducted based on an electron phase diagram in the gas phase under conditions far from electron quantum melting. A substrate is dense row of the light guide segments where the SEs channels are formed over helium in the fiber gaps between. The electrostatic model of substrate profile demonstrates modulation of potential in the electric field leading to possibility of the fiber top charge thereby improving the Q1D-SEs channels’ quality. The experiments carried out by a low-frequency electron transport method at the temperature from 1.5 K to 0.5 K and the concentrations of electrons were up to 10⁹cm⁻². The SE movement transverse to the channel satisfies quantization conditions in terms of both temperature and electron relaxation time in the system. According to the experiment, below a certain temperature, the SE conductivity is ladder-like. The differential of SE conductivity is peak-like corresponding qualitatively to an electron states density. The distance between peaks accords to the 1D energy spectrum in some approach. Possibility of applying the 1D-SEs quantized energy levels (vibration levels) as quantum bits for a quantum computer is considered.

A green technique was used to create silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Pterospermum Diversifolium semi-solid extract. The leaves were processed into a soft extract to retain the active ingredients of the leaves for a long time. The extract acts as a reducing agent to form Ag atoms and as a surfactant to create a stable environment for AgNPs. Spherical AgNPs with a diameter of about 20–50 nm ± 5 nm were formed and were well stable in the solution. Optical properties, as well as structure, size, size distribution, and composition of elements and functional groups of AgNPs, were investigated through absorbance spectra, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements. The extract and AgNPs were used to study the antibacterial effect on bacterial strains E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus, with the positive control being amoxicillin. The results showed that AgNPs and leaf extract with a 100 μg/mL concentration have better antibacterial ability than antibiotic amoxicillin 50 μg/mL.

Communication technology is poised to play a crucial role in advancing the study of climate change, facilitating the monitoring of shifts in biological, biogeochemical, evolutionary, and ecological aspects within marine and oceanic environments. Additionally, it is imperative to ensure the efficient operation of underwater sensor networks, unmanned underwater vehicles, submarines, ships, buoys, and divers. However, existing underwater acoustic communication technology falls short of delivering the high data rates required for comprehensive investigation and surveillance in these environments and facilities. In response to this challenge, optical wireless communication has emerged as a promising alternative. This study focuses on the design and examination of an underwater optical communication link capable of communication over a horizontal distance of up to 130 meters at a depth of 40 meters. The proposed system is rigorously assessed under clear ocean conditions, considering a bit rate of 15 Gbps and employing both differential quadrature phase shift keying technique and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing-quadrature amplitude modulation technique.

Accurate quantification of sugar in food and pharmaceutical products is important to achieve the desired levels of sweetness, texture, flavor, and nutritional content. This article introduces a novel polarization-sensitive interferometric method for measuring the concentration of sugar in solutions. The impact of sugar concentration is investigated by analyzing the visibility of the interference pattern using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with an interference pattern scanning and recording system. The visibility of the interference fringes is determined by cross-sectional scanning of the fringe pattern from its center over the photodetector, followed by cut-profile analysis. As the concentration of sucrose, glucose, and fructose increases, a gradual decrease in interference pattern visibility is observed, following a parabolic trend within the broader detection range of 0–14 g/50 ml. The sensor’s performance is divided into two linear regions: region-1 (0–6 g/50 ml) and region-2 (6–14 g/50 ml). In region-1, fructose exhibited the highest sensitivity of 0.0195 (g/50 ml)⁻¹, which is 6.09 times and 1.89 times higher than glucose and sucrose, respectively. Similarly, in region-2, fructose showed a sensitivity of 0.077 (g/50 ml)⁻¹, surpassing glucose by 3.56 times and sucrose by 2.41 times. However, sucrose achieved the lowest limit of detection of 0.0021 g/ml, which is 2.76 times and 1.71 times better than glucose and fructose, respectively. The decreasing trend in interference pattern visibility is further validated through irradiance and optical rotation measurements of the laser beam passing through the sugar solutions relative to the reference laser beam. Results from both optical techniques demonstrated good agreement, with average deviations of 1.75%, 1.72%, and 4.24% for sucrose, glucose, and fructose, respectively. The proposed technique is universally applicable for measuring the concentration of transparent, optically active solutions and has the potential to be a valuable tool for quality control and optimization in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

This paper implements the modeling of triple asymmetrical optical microring resonator in z-domain, and the waveguide spacing is designed using finite difference time domain(FDTD) method. The formulation of the transmission function is prepared in z-domain utilizing the delay line signal processing technique. The developed configuration is scrutinized by evaluating the frequency response analysis as well as various important characteristics that are dispersion, group delay, and finesse using MATLAB software. The efficacy of the proposed methodology is tested using OptiFDTD software, and it is found that the results of both MATLAB and OptiFDTD are in very nearby settlement. The field analysis of propagated wave inside the microring resonator is shown. The specific gap for various optical directional couplers is also determined using OptiFDTD in this paper. The proposed technique is very useful for modeling and analyzing different configurations of micro optical asymmetric ring resonator which found great application in the field of optical filters as well as optical sensors.