A kind of Fe-Co-Ni-Cr-Mo-C alloy was designed for valve seat use. The effects of the quenching temperature, tempering time and tempering temperature on the mechanical properties and microstructure of the alloy were investigated. The results show that the hardness decreases, while tensile strength (σ_b), transverse rupture strength (σ_bb) and impact toughness (K_ic) increase after the alloy is quenched and tempered. The best complex property (σ_b, 446 MPa; σ_bb, 793 MPa; K_ic, 2. 96 J/cm²) can be obtained when the alloy is quenched at 1100°C and tempered at 650°C. The results of X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) show that the major strengthening phases are carbides such as (Fe, Cr)₇C₃ and Fe₂MoC. The obvious secondary hardening appears when the alloy is tempered at 550°C, which results from the precipitated carbides of Cr and Mo in the alloy from the matrix and the heat-resistant retained austenite.

The basic glass of Li₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ system using P₂O₅ as nucleator was prepared by means of conventional melt quenching technology, and the heat-treatment process was determined by using differential thermal analysis. The crystalline phases and the microstructure of the glass-ceramics were investigated by using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the glass based on Li₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ oxides using P₂O₅ as nucleator can be prepared at lower melt temperature of 1450°C and the glass-ceramics with lower thermal expansion coefficient of 21.6 × 10⁻⁷°C⁻¹ can also be obtained at 750°C. The glass-ceramics contain a few crystal phases in which the main crystal phase is β-quartz solid solution and the second crystal phase is β-spodumene solid solution. When the heat treatment temperature is not higher than 650°C, the transparent glass-ceramics containing β-quartz solid solution can be prepared. β-quartz solid solution changes into β-spodumene solid solution at about 750°C. And the appearance of the glass-ceramics changes from translucent, part opaque to complete opaque with increasing temperature.

Despite the great achievements made in improvement of wear resistance properties of aluminum alloys, their applications in heavy surface load-bearing are limited. Single coating is insufficient to produce the desired combination of surface properties. These problems can be solved through the duplex coatings. The aim of the present study is to overview the research advances on processes of duplex coatings on aluminum alloys combined with micro plasma oxidation process and with other modern processes such as physical vapour deposition and plasma assisted chemical vapour deposition and also to evaluate the performance of micro plasma oxidation coatings in improving the load-bearing, friction and wear resistance properties of aluminum alloys in comparison with other coatings. Where-in, a more detailed presentation of the processes and their performances and disadvantages are given as well.

The stress strain curves of two CuZnAl shape memory alloys which have the martensitic transformation temperatures of 50 °C and −10 °C respectively, were measured by using electronic material tester after treated by different heat-treatment conditions. The results show that the area enclosed by hysteresis loop of the CuZnAl shape memory alloy in martensitic state is much larger than that of the alloy in austenitic state with super-elasticity at room temperature. Therefore, the former has better vibration attenuation effect. After being oil-quenched, water-quenched, and step-quenched, the CuZnAl alloy takes on more stable shape memory effect, better super-plasticity and superelasticity (pseudoelasticity). A CuZnAl shape memory alloy damper was designed, produced and installed to a 2-layer frame structure. In addition, the vibration experiments were made by dynamic data collecting analysis meter. The velocity of vibration attenuation of frame structure with CuZnAl shape memory alloy damper is much faster than that without it. And with the help of CuZnAl shape memory alloy damper, the attenuation period reduces to 1/10 of the original.

The electrical conductivity of Cu-Li alloys was studied. And the distribution of electrons near Fermi surface was detected by synchrotron radiation instrument. The results show that the electrical conductivity of Cu-Li alloys decreases from 5.22×10⁻⁹ S/m to 3.69 × 10⁻⁹ S/m with the increase of Li content. Li can decrease the oxygen, sulfur and other impurities content in commercial Cu, but Li dissolved in Cu lattice leads to distortion of Cu lattice from 0.005%–0.050%, affects the valence band of Cu, increase the binding energy of surface electron, and decreases the electron density of Fermi surface simultaneously. So the electrical conductivity decreases gradually with the increase of Li content.

Mesoporous polyethylene glycol-resorcinol and formaldhyde (PEG-RF) carbon xerogels were prepared by a new polymer blend method in which PEG-RF mixed organic xerogels were synthesized by blending thermally unstable polyethylene glycol with organic monomers, resorcinol and formaldhyde and then subjected to pyrolization at 1 000 °C. The influences of mass ratio PEG to the theoretical yield of RF xerogel, m(PEG)/m(RF) and the relative molecular mass of PEG on the pore structure and electric double layer capacitance (EDLC) performance of PEG-RF carbon xerogels were investigated. The results show that PEG under different conditions leads to the difference of phase separation structure of the polymer blend and thus the change of pore structure of PEG-RF carbon xerogels. Specific surface area and capacity of PEG-RF carbon xerogels in 30% H₂SO₄ solution can reach 755 m²/g and 150 F/g, respectively. Their surface can be fully utilized to form electric double layer. However, the pore structure differences of PEG-RF carbon xerogels result in their different EDLC performances. The distributed capacitance effect increases with decreasing the pore size of PEG-RF carbon xerogels.

Microwave synthesis method was applied to the fast preparation of LiCoO₂. The structure of the synthesized oxides was analyzed by using X-ray diffraction. Only single-phase LiCoO₂ was obtained. Electrochemical behaviors of LiCoO₂ were investigated by charge-discharge cycling properties in the voltage range of 3.00 – 4.35 V (vs Li). The results show that the prepared LiCoO₂ powders calcinated at 900 °C for 120 min exhibit an initial charge and discharge capacity of 168 and 162 mA · h · g⁻¹ at 0.1C current rate, respectively, as compared to 159 and 154 mA · h · g⁻¹ of LiCoO₂ synthesized by conventional means. In addition, more than 95% of the capacity is retained even after 10 cycles. But with the increase of calcinating time, its electrochemical properties deteriorate. Compared with the conventional method, the microwave heating method is simple, fast, and with high energy efficiency.

The standard k-ε model was adopted to simulate the flow field of molten metal in three aluminum electrolysis cells with different anode risers. The Hartman number, Reynolds number and the turbulent Reynolds number of molten metal were calculated quantitatively. The turbulent Reynolds number is in the order of 10³, and Reynolds number is in the order of 10⁴ if taking the depth of molten metal as the characteristic length. The results show that the molten metal flow is the turbulence of high Reynolds number, the turbulent Reynolds number is more appropriate than Reynolds number to be used to describe the turbulent characteristic of molten metal, and Hartman number displays very well that electromagnetic force inhibits turbulent motion of molten metal.

Using sodium diethyldithiocarbamate as a collector the flotation behavior of pyrrhotite was investigated. The relationship between potential and pH range for pyrrhotite flotation was established. The results show that the flotation of pyrrhotite is dependent on pulp potential at certain pH values. Pyrrhotite has good floatability from pH 2 to pH 12, and poor flotability at pH>12. Cyclic voltammetry and Fourier transform infrared spectrum analysis show that the major adsorption product of DDTC on pyrrhotite is tetraethylthiuram disulfide. The intensity of Fourier transform infrared signals of tetraethylthiuram disulfide adsorbed on pyrrhotite and the anode current of a pyrrhotite electrode and flotation response of pyrrhotite are correlated with pulp potentials.

The galvanic coupling formed in origin potential flotation systems of sulfide minerals can be divided into three types: sulfide mineral-sulfide mineral-water system; sulfide mineral-steel ball-water system; and sulfide mineral-sulfide mineral-collector system. In this paper, taking lead, zinc, iron sulfide mineral systems for examples, several models of galvanic coupling were proposed and the effects of galvanic coupling on flotation were discussed. A galvanic contact between galena (or sphalerite) and pyrite contributes to decreasing the content of zinc in lead concentrate, and enhances remarkably the absorption of collector on the galena surface. During grinding, due to galvanic interactions between minerals and steel medium, Fe(OH)₃ formed covers on the cathodic mineral surface, affecting its floatability.

γ-alkoxy-propylamines, C₁₂H₂₅O(CH₂)₃NH₂, C₁₄H₂₉O(CH₂)₃NH₂, C₁₆H₃₃O(CH₂)₃NH₂, C₁₈H₃₇O(CH₂)₃NH₂ were synthesized from aliphatic alcohol and acrylonitrile. The flotation tests of kaolinite, pyrophyllite and illite were conducted. The flotation mechanisms were explained in view of the structures of reagents and aluminium silicate minerals, zeta potential and Fourier transform infrared spectrum measurements. The results show that the synthesized r-alkoxy-propylamines are more effective than dodecyl amine for flotation of kaolinite, pyrophyllite and illite. For flotation kaolinite and illite, the collecting ability is in the order of C₁₈H₃₇O(CH₂)₃NH₂>C₁₆H₃₃O(CH₂)₃NH₂> C₁₄H₂₉O(CH₂)₃NH₂>C₁₂H₂₅O(CH₂)₃NH₂, but the r-alkoxy-propylamines types of collectors have almost the same collecting ability on pyrophyllite, which demonstrating that γ-alkoxy-propylamines are new selective collectors for reverse floatation to remove aluminium silicate minerals from bauxite.

The corrosive electrochemistry of jamesonite was studied by cyclic voltammetry. Every peak in voltammograms was identified through thermodynamic calculation. The results show an irreversible electrode process by the strong adsorption of oxidation elemental sulfur on jamesonite. A deficient-metal and sulfur-rich compound is formed under the potential of 80 mV at pH 6.86. The passive action by elemental sulfur occurs from 80 to 470 mV and S₂O₃²⁻, SO₄²⁻ are produced at potential over 470 mV. The anodic peak producing SO₄²⁻ is inhibited due to the deposition of PbSO₄ at higher potential in Na₂SO₄ solution. The corrosive action of jamesonite becomes strong and the redox characterization similar to PbS, FeS and Sb₂S₃ appears at pH 9.18.

The effect of hydroxamic acid starch (HAS) and hydroxamic acid polyacrylamide (HPAM) on the flotation of diaspore and kaolinite was investigated by flotation test. It is found that HAS depresses diaspore but activates kaolinite in acidic pulp, while HPAM activates both diaspore and kaolinite in the pH range of 2.0–10.5. The measurement of zeta potential shows that both HAS and HPAM can increase zeta potential of negatively charged diaspore, which indicates the existence of chemical bonding or hydrogen bonding between the reagents and diaspore. By covering the collector dodecyl amine (DDA) on diaspore surface, HAS increases the hydrophilicity of minerals and depresses the flotation of diaspore, however HPAM activates the flotation of diaspore by increasing the adsorption of DDA on diaspore surface.

A simple, sensitive and reproducible high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with electrospray ionization method for simultaneous separation and determination of adenine, adenosine and uridine was developed. The analytical column is a 2.0 mm × 150 mm Shimadzu VP-ODS column and volume fraction of the mobile phase is 86.5% water, 12.0% methanol and 1.5% formic acid. 2-chloroadenosine was used as internal standard. Selective ion monitoring mode and selective ion monitoring ions at ratio of mass to electric charge of 136 for adenine, 268 for adenosine and 267 for uridine were chosen for quantitative analysis of the three active components. The results show that the regression equations and linear range are Y=0.062X+0.005 and 2.0 – 140.0 µg·mL⁻¹ for adenine, Y=0.049X+0.004 and 4.0–115.0 µg · mL⁻¹ for uridine, Y=0.154X+0.014 and 1.0–125.0 µm · mL⁻¹ for adenosine. The limits of detection are 0.6 µg·mL⁻¹ for adenine, 1.0 µg·mL⁻¹ for uridine and 0.2 µg·mL⁻¹ for adenosine. The recoveries of the three constituents are from 96.6% to 103.2%.

17α-actoxy-19-nor-progesterone was synthesized by a new efficient stereoselective asymmertric pathway from 19-nor-androst-4-en-3, 17-dione in 5-steps reactions with overall yield 63.3%. Consequently, a strategy was used to produce of 17-α-hydroxyl compound stereoselectively by addition 17-keto steroid with hydrogen cyanide, at the same time, the conditions of this asymmertric reaction were optimized. The titled compound and the intermediate were fully characterized by ¹H, one dimension and two dimension ¹³C-nuclear magnetic resonance, and infrared spectrum. The results show that the rate of 17-α-hydroxyl compound isomeride is sensitively affected by the solution system and the best volume ratio of CH₃OH to H₂O is 36%. After the carbonyl and hydroxyl groups were protected by ethylenediol and vinyl butyl ether respectively, organometallic addition to CN group with CH₃Li, androstance compound was converted to pregnane compound. After removing the protective groups by a mild hydrolytic procedure with high yield, the titled compound was obtained by esterified the above intermidiate. The new pathway gives a good purity of 98% as determined by high performance liquid chromatography.

Three new reactive ternary terbium complexes were synthesized with the first ligand of thenoyltrifluoroacetone and the reactive secondary ligand such as maleic anhydride, undecenoic acid, oleic acid, and characterized by means of elemental analysis, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid titrimetric method, Fourier transform infrared and ultraviolet spectroscopies. And the luminescent properties of the ternary terbium complexes were investigated. The results show that the ternary terbium complexes possess much higher luminescent intensity than the binary complex of terbium with thenoyltrifluoroacetone, and the synergy ability sequence of the three reactive ligands is as follows: undecenoic acid > oleic acid > maleic anhydride. Becaues the ternary terbium complexes contain reactive ligands that can be copolymerized with other monomers, a new way for the synthesis of the bonding-type rare earth polymer functional materials with excellent luminescent properties is provided.

The sonolytic degradation of 2-chlorobiphenyl was investigated. Mass spectroscopy was used to detect the products of sonolytic degradation of 2-chlorobiphenyl. The results show that the products of sonolytic degradation, such as biphenyl, ethyl benzene, diethylbiphenyl, dibutylbiphenyl, phenol, propylphenol and di-tert-butyl phenol are produced by thermolysis and hydroxyl free radical reactions, in which biphenyl counts for almost 40% (mole fraction) of the mother compound and others are at trace level. Rapid accumulation of chloride ion shows quick dechlorination, and 78% organic chlorine is converted into chloride ion. Free radical scavengers, bicarbonate and carbonate, decrease the reaction rate of sonolytic degradation of 2-chlorobiphenyl significantly, and the pseudo 1st order rate constant of sonolytic degradation of 2-chlorobiphenyl decreases linearly with the natural logarithm of the concentration of the added free radical scavenger, showing that the pyrolysis and hydroxyl free radical reaction are the two major pathways for the sonolytic degradation of 2-chlorobiphenyl, in which the hydroxyl radical concentration is estimated to be 1×10⁻¹⁰mol/L.

Kalimantan Island is located in the Southeast Asia continental marginal tectono-magmatic mobile zone in the West Pacific Ocean, where the lithosphere of Earth is one of the most complicated tectonic mobile regions on the Earth since Meso-Cenozoic. Based on the geophysical data of the basement and deep structures, the stress field of mantle flow, the maximum principal stress field and geothermal flux, the crustal nature and geodynamical features of Kalimantan Island and adjacent areas were analyzed. Researches on geotectonic movement and evolution of Kalimantan and adjacent areas show that Southeast Asia continental margin crustobody was formed at about middle-late Triassic. In addition, the geotectonic units of the Kalimantan area were subdivided, and characteristics of their geotectonic evolution were discussed.

A designing method of intelligent proportional-integral-derivative(PID) controllers was proposed based on the ant system algorithm and fuzzy inference. This kind of controller is called Fuzzy-ant system PID controller. It consists of an off-line part and an on-line part. In the off-line part, for a given control system with a PID controller, by taking the overshoot, setting time and steady-state error of the system unit step response as the performance indexes and by using the ant system algorithm, a group of optimal PID parameters K*_p, T/*_i and T*_d can be obtained, which are used as the initial values for the on-line tuning of PID parameters. In the on-line part, based on K*_p, T*_i and T*_d and according to the current system error e and its time derivative, a specific program is written, which is used to optimize and adjust the PID parameters on-line through a fuzzy inference mechanism to ensure that the system response has optimal transient and steady-state performance. This kind of intelligent PID controller can be used to control the motor of the intelligent bionic artificial leg designed by the authors. The result of computer simulation experiment shows that the controller has less overshoot and shorter setting time.

An adaptive genetic algorithm with diversity-guided mutation, which combines adaptive probabilities of crossover and mutation was proposed. By means of homogeneous finite Markov chains, it is proved that adaptive genetic algorithm with diversity-guided mutation and genetic algorithm with diversity-guided mutation converge to the global optimum if they maintain the best solutions, and the convergence of adaptive genetic algorithms with adaptive probabilities of crossover and mutation was studied. The performances of the above algorithms in optimizing several unimodal and multimodal functions were compared. The results show that for multimodal functions the average convergence generation of the adaptive genetic algorithm with diversity-guided mutation is about 900 less than that of adaptive genetic algorithm with adaptive probabilities and genetic algorithm with diversity-guided mutation, and the adaptive genetic algorithm with diversity-guided mutation does not lead to premature convergence. It is also shown that the better balance between overcoming premature convergence and quickening convergence speed can be gotten.

To obtain excellent performance optical fiber couplers, the structural difference of SiO₂ in couplers with different manufacturing techniques was investigated. With 740-FT-IR infrared spectrometric analyzer, the infrared absorption spectrum of SiO₂ in couplers at different drawing velocities was measured, and two characteristic peaks in the wavenumber range of 650–2000 cm⁻¹ were observed. One characteristic peak is at about 943 cm⁻¹, which is attributed to Si-O-Si bond asymmetric stretching vibration, the other is at about 773 cm⁻¹, which is attributed to Si-O-Si bond symmetric stretching vibration. From the infrared spectrum, it is found that the intensity and wave-number of the characteristic peaks are related to the manufacturing technique of couplers. The characteristic peak at about 943 cm⁻¹ becomes steeper when increasing the drawing velocity. At the drawing velocity of 150 µm/s, the distance between the two characteristic peaks is maximum, and then the optical fiber coupler has excellent performance, indicating that the performance of the optical fiber coupler has a close relationship with the wavenumber of the two characteristic peaks.

In order to evaluate objectively and accurately the integrity, safety and operating conditions in real time for the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge, a large structural safety monitoring system was described. The monitoring system is composed of three parts: sensor system, signal sampling and processing system, and safety monitoring and assessment system. Combining theoretical analysis with measured data analysis, main monitoring contents and layout of measuring points were determined. The vibration response monitoring was significantly investigated. The main contents of safety monitoring on vibration response monitoring are vibration of the main body of the Nanjing Yangtze river bridge, collision avoidance of the bridge piers, vibration of girders on high piers for the bridge approach and earthquake. As a field laboratory, the safety monitorying system also provides information to investigate the unknown and indeterminate problems on bridge structures and specific environment around bridges.

A new mechanics model, which reveals additional longitudinal force transmission between the continuously welded rails and the bridges, is established on the fact that the influence of the mutual relative displacement among the rail, the sleeper and the beam is taken into account. An example is presented and numerical results are compared. The results show that the additional longitudinal forces calculated with the new model are less than those of the previous, especially in the case of the flexible pier bridges. The new model is also suitable for the analysis of the additional longitudinal force transmission between rails and bridges of ballastless track with small resistance fasteners without taking the sleeper displacement into account, and compared with the ballast bridges, the ballastless bridges have a much stronger additional longitudinal force transmission between the continuously welded rails and the bridges.

By integrating the merits of the map overlay method and the geographic information system (GIS), a GIS based map overlay method was developed to analyze comprehensively the environmental vulnerability around railway and its impact on the environment, which is adapted for the comprehensive assessment of railway environmental impact and the optimization of railway alignments. The assessment process of the GIS based map overlay method was presented, which includes deciding the system structure and weights of assessment factors, making environmental vulnerability grade maps, and evaluating the alternative alignments comprehensively to obtain the best one. With the GIS functions of spatial analysis, such as overlay analysis and buffer analysis, and functions of handling attribute data, the GIS based map overlay method overcomes the shortcomings of the existing map overlay method and the conclusion is more reasonable. In the end, a detailed case study was illustrated to verify the efficiency of the method.