Interface characteristics and mechanical properties of titanium/aluminum composites with an interlayer fabricated by explosive welding

Abstract

In this work, the interface morphology and element distribution of the TC1/AA1060/AA6061 composite plate were studied. The grain information was investigated by electron backscattered diffraction and interface temperature was obtained by numerical simulation to explain the grain information. The experimental samples were tested by mechanical methods. The results show that the TC1/AA1060/AA6061 composite plate has better welding quality by observing interface morphology and testing mechanical properties. The morphology of the two interfaces was consistent with the simulation results, and the interface temperature can be explained by the grain information at interfaces and vortex regions. The diffusion width of elements at the TC1/AA1060 interface was 12.3 µm and no intermetallic compounds were detected; Only Al and O element were detected in two vortex regions. In addition, nanoindentation test was performed at different regions and the results were discussed.

Keywords

explosive welding / Ti/Al composites / interlayer / interface / vortex region

References

[[1]] Zhang L-J, Wang C-H, Zhang Y-B, et al.. The mechanical properties and interface bonding mechanism of Molybdenum/SUS304L by laser beam welding with nickel interlayer [J]. Materials & Design, 2019, 182: 108002,

[[2]] Li Y-L, Liu Y-R, Yang J. First principle calculations and mechanical properties of the intermetallic compounds in a laser welded steel/aluminum joint [J]. Optics & Laser Technology, 2020, 122: 105875,

[[3]] Paul H, Chulist R, Lityńska-Dobrzyńska L, et al.. Interfacial reactions and microstructure related properties of explosively welded tantalum and steel sheets with copper interlayer [J]. Materials & Design, 2021, 208: 109873,

[[4]] Carvalho G H S F L, Galvão I, Mendes R, et al.. Explosive welding of aluminium to stainless steel using carbon steel and niobium interlayers [J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2020, 283: 116707,

[[5]] Wang H-M, Wang Y-L. High-velocity impact welding process: A review [J]. Metals, 2019, 9(2): 144,

[[6]] Findik F. Recent developments in explosive welding [J]. Materials & Design, 2011, 32(3): 1081-1093,

[[7]] Saravanan S, Raghukandan K, Kumar P. Effect of wire mesh interlayer in explosive cladding of dissimilar grade aluminum plates [J]. Journal of Central South University, 2019, 26(3): 604-611,

[[8]] Elango E, Saravanan S, Raghukandan K. Experimental and numerical studies on aluminum-stainless steel explosive cladding [J]. Journal of Central South University, 2020, 27: 1742-1753,

[[9]] Khanzadeh Gharahshiran M R, Khoshakhlagh A, Khalaj G, et al.. Effect of postweld heat treatment on interface microstructure and metallurgical properties of explosively welded bronze—Carbon steel [J]. Journal of Central South University, 2018, 25(8): 1849-1861,

[[10]] Somasundaram S, Krishnamurthy R, Kazuyuki H. Effect of process parameters on microstructural and mechanical properties of Ti − SS 304L explosive cladding [J]. Journal of Central South University, 2017, 24(6): 1245-1251,

[[11]] Bataev I A, Tanaka S, Zhou Q, et al.. Towards better understanding of explosive welding by combination of numerical simulation and experimental study [J]. Materials & Design, 2019, 169: 107649,

[[12]] Mendes R, Ribeiro J B, Loureiro A. Effect of explosive characteristics on the explosive welding of stainless steel to carbon steel in cylindrical configuration [J]. Materials & Design, 2013, 51: 182-192,

[[13]] Zhang T-T, Wang W-X, Yan Z-F, et al.. Interfacial morphology and bonding mechanism of explosive weld joints [J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2021, 34(1): 1-12,

[[14]] Miao Y-S, Chen X, Wang H-L. Some applications of interlayer explosive welding [J]. Composite Interfaces, 2022, 29(4): 345-360,

[[15]] Committee A S F M. Welding, brazing and soldering [M]. Metals Handbook. Vol. 6, 1983 Metals Park, Ohio American Society for Metals

[[16]] Carvalho G H S F L, Galvão I, Mendes R, et al.. Microstructure and mechanical behaviour of aluminiumcarbon steel and aluminium-stainless steel clads produced with an aluminium interlayer [J]. Materials Characterization, 2019, 155: 109819,

[[17]] Fang Z-H, Shi C-G, Sun Z-R, et al.. Influence of interlayer technique on microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti/Al cladding plate manufactured via explosive welding [J]. Materials Research Express, 2019, 6(10): 1065f9,

[[18]] Chen X, Li X-J, Inao D, et al.. Study of explosive welding of A6061/SUS821L1 using interlayers with different thicknesses and the air shockwave between plates [J]. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2021, 116(11): 3779-3794

[[19]] Han J H, Ahn J P, Shin M C. Effect of interlayer thickness on shear deformation behavior of AA5083 aluminum alloy/SS41 steel plates manufactured by explosive welding [J]. Journal of Materials Science, 2003, 38(1): 13-18,

[[20]] Manikandan P, Hokamoto K, Fujita M, et al.. Control of energetic conditions by employing interlayer of different thickness for explosive welding of titanium/304 stainless steel [J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2008, 195(1–3): 232-240,

[[21]] Petrzak P, Mania I, Paul H, et al.. The kinetic of Al₃Ti phase growth in explosively welded multilayered Al/Ti clads during annealing under load conditions [J]. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, 2019, 64: 1549-1554,

[[22]] Lazurenko D V, Bataev I A, Mali V I, et al.. Explosively welded multilayer Ti-Al composites: Structure and transformation during heat treatment [J]. Materials & Design, 2016, 102: 122-130,

[[23]] Bataev I A, Bataev A A, Mali V I, et al.. Structural and mechanical properties of metallic-intermetallic laminate composites produced by explosive welding and annealing [J]. Materials & Design, 2012, 35: 225-234,

[[24]] Price R D, Jiang F-C, Kulin R M, et al.. Effects of ductile phase volume fraction on the mechanical properties of Ti−Al₃Ti metal-intermetallic laminate (MIL) composites [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2011, 528(7–8): 3134-3146,

[[25]] Mahmood Y, Dai K-D, Chen P-W, et al.. Experimental and numerical study on microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti−6Al−4V/Al−1060 explosive welding [J]. Metals, 2019, 9(11): 1189,

[[26]] Ege E S, Inal O T, Zimmerly C A. Response surface study on production of explosively-welded aluminum-titanium laminates [J]. Journal of Materials Science, 1998, 33(22): 5327-5338,

[[27]] Wu X-M, Shi C-G, Fang Z-H, et al.. Comparative study on welding energy and Interface characteristics of titanium-aluminum explosive composites with and without interlayer [J]. Materials & Design, 2021, 197: 109279,

[[28]] Sun Z-R, Shi C-G, Shi H, et al.. Comparative study of energy distribution and interface morphology in parallel and double vertical explosive welding by numerical simulations and experiments [J]. Materials & Design, 2020, 195: 109027,

[[29]] Yuan J-X, Shao F, Bai L-Y, et al.. Interface investigation of Ti/Al explosively welded composites with 1060 interlayer: Morphology, formation, and development [J]. Composite Interfaces, 2023, 30(2): 201-222,

[[30]] Yang M, Xu J-F, Ma H-H, et al.. Microstructure development during explosive welding of metal foil: Morphologies, mechanical behaviors and mechanisms [J]. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2021, 212: 108685,

[[31]] Li Y, Wu Z-S. Microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of 2205/AZ31B laminates fabricated by explosive welding [J]. Metals, 2017, 7(4): 125,

[[32]] Sun Z-R, Shi C-G, Xu F, et al.. Detonation process analysis and interface morphology distribution of double vertical explosive welding by SPH 2D/3D numerical simulation and experiment [J]. Materials & Design, 2020, 191: 108630,

[[33]] Yang M, Xu J-F, Chen D-G, et al.. Understanding interface evolution during explosive welding of silver foil and Q235 substrate through experimental observation coupled with simulation [J]. Applied Surface Science, 2021, 566: 150703,

[[34]] Li Y-L, Chu Z-H, Li X-W, et al.. Swirl-like Cu-Sn phase formation and the effects on the ultrasonic spot welded joint of Sn-coated Cu plates [J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2021, 288: 116911,

[[35]] Li J, Gao H-T, Kong C, et al.. Insight into the bonding mechanism in Cu/Al/Cu clad sheets via introduction of thin SUS304 interlayer [J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2022, 21: 4619-4635,

[[36]] Pei Y-B, Huang T, Chen F-X, et al.. Microstructure and fracture mechanism of Ti/Al layered composite fabricated by explosive welding [J]. Vacuum, 2020, 181: 109596,

[[37]] Fang Z-H, Shi C-G, Shi H-S, et al.. Influence of explosive ratio on morphological and structural properties of Ti/Al clads [J]. Metals, 2019, 9(2): 119,

[[38]] Zhang T-T, Wang W-X, Zhou J, et al.. Interfacial characteristics and nano-mechanical properties of dissimilar 304 austenitic stainless steel/AZ31B Mg alloy welding joint [J]. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 2019, 42: 257-265,

[[39]] Yang M, Ma H-H, Shen Z-W, et al.. Dissimilar material welding of tantalum foil and Q235 steel plate using improved explosive welding technique [J]. Materials & Design, 2020, 186: 108348,

[[40]] Foadian F, Soltanieh M, Adeli M, et al.. A study on the formation of intermetallics during the heat treatment of explosively welded Al−Ti multilayers [J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 2014, 45(4): 1823-1832,

[[41]] Jonas J J, Quelennec X, Jiang L, et al.. The Avrami kinetics of dynamic recrystallization [J]. Acta Materialia, 2009, 57(9): 2748-2756,

[[42]] Gloc M, Wachowski M, Plocinski T, et al.. Microstructural and microanalysis investigations of bond titanium grade1/low alloy steel st52-3N obtained by explosive welding [J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2016, 671: 446-451,