Calcium metal batteries (CMBs), utilizing calcium (Ca) as anodes, offer great potential for next-generation high-energy density battery technologies. However, Ca plating/stripping at room temperature (r.t.) is severely impeded by the formation of ion-insulating passivation layers. Constructing artificial protective layers that can effectively transport Ca²⁺ on Ca metal is crucial for realizing practical CMBs. Nonetheless, identifying a suitable candidate that is both highly ionic conductive (>10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹ at r.t.) and electrically insulating remains a formidable challenge. Ionic covalent organic frameworks (iCOFs) represent a distinctive class of porous, crystalline polymers containing ionic moieties to facilitate ion conduction in batteries. In this study, we introduce, for the first time, single-ion conductive sulfonate iCOFs with a Ca²⁺ transference number of 0.95 and ionic conductivity of 2.23 × 10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹ at r.t. as artificial protective layers for the Ca metal anode. This iCOF protective layer promotes uniform Ca deposition and effective anticorrosion of modified anodes. As a result, full cells equipped with iCOF-protective Ca anodes and polyaniline cathodes demonstrated stable operation up to 75 cycles with high energy density. Our work facilitates the attainment of high-performance CMBs by the construction of iCOF protective layers.

The modulation of electromagnetic parameters is crucial for tuning the dielectric and magnetic properties of materials. In this work, the concentration of oxygen vacancies (V_O) and the degree of lattice distortion in spinel oxides were successfully regulated by implementing a heteroatom doping strategy, which enhanced the structural stability as well as the optimization of the permittivity. However, the description of the polarization mechanisms in spinel structures is currently unclear. Therefore, carbon cloth (CC) surface was constructed with modified spinel structure to form nanosheet arrays (C@NMC). Localized electronic reconfiguration and altered spinel configurations were achieved by modulating manganese (Mn) substitution at specific metal sites. The lattice distortion activated dipole polarization, which increased the permittivity of the CC material to twice its original value. As a result, Mn–doped C@NMC samples (C@NMC–0.2) demonstrate a reflection loss (RL) of −63.40 dB (2.06 mm) and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 4.80 GHz. This work achieves precise regulation of dielectric properties through atomic–level defect engineering, while establishing a synergistic model between structural stability and polarization paths at the experimental level. This research provides a new perspective for an in–depth understanding of the electromagnetic loss mechanism of spinel oxides.

Despite growing interest in nanoplasmonic biosensors—particularly surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) platforms—their potential has been limited by high quantification variability rooted in poor uniformity. Previous approaches to address this, such as incorporating internal standards (ISs), often sacrificed sensitivity for uniformity or lacked a clear analytical basis for accurate quantification. Here, a novel approach of integrating MoS₂ into a SERS platform is introduced, with a focus on mitigating spot-to-spot relative standard deviation (RSD) and improving quantification accuracy. While maintaining the well-known enhanced sensitivity of MoS₂, the Raman signal from a uniform monolayer is utilized to calibrate signal variations. As a result, the platform achieves the lowest RSD (5.29%) among MoS₂-based systems, while offering the highest level of sensitivity in rhodamine 6G (R6G) measurements. For albumin, the target proteinuria biomarker, MoS₂-based normalization outperforms conventional wafer-based methods and achieves a 42% RSD reduction over non-normalization because the atomic thickness MoS₂ enables precise plasmonic calibration. Furthermore, a consistent, exponential relationship between MoS₂ signal intensity and albumin concentration is discovered. Quantification trends are consequently highly predictable, resulting in a 4.8-fold increase in data separability. This quantification approach is shown to be effective for albumin mixed in artificial urine under various laser conditions, highlighting the practical potential of our platform for early-stage monitoring of biomarkers.

Hybrid solid electrolytes have emerged as promising candidates for next-generation high-energy-density solid-state lithium metal batteries owing to the enhanced safety and processability. Nevertheless, the practical implementation remains hindered by severe interfacial Li⁺ transport barriers at ceramic-polymer junctions, particularly under ambient low-temperature or high-power-density surroundings. Herein, the lithium-ion bridge concept has been proposed to accelerate Li⁺ transport kinetics across the ceramic-polymer interphase through the delicate design of a chemical bonding strategy. As demonstrated, the poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PH) chain with Li_6.4La₃Zr_1.4Ta_0.6O₁₂ (LLZTO) particles can be connected by lithium benzene sulfonate as Li⁺ conductive bridges. With these Li⁺ bridges, this unique hybrid PH-LLZTO solid-state electrolyte exhibits an exceptional ionic conductivity of 0.71 mS cm⁻¹ at 25°C with a superior Li⁺ transference number of 0.67. Impressively, this advanced solid-state electrolyte empowers high-voltage LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂/Li cells under fast charge/discharge capability as high as 4C and a wide temperature range from −20°C to 60°C. Consequently, the optimal solid-state Li metal battery could stabilize at −20°C with a high discharge specific capacity of 130 mAh g⁻¹. Moreover, a bipolar pouch cell by stacking 4 units can be successfully assembled using this advanced solid-state electrolyte with fast Li⁺ transport kinetics and delivers an ultra-high voltage of 15.12 V, showcasing the great potential of integrated module application in the future.

Soft hybrid electronics that interconnect soft modules and rigid circuit components hold significant promise for applications in wearables, robotics, and biomedicine. However, existing interconnection methods face critical challenges, including thermal damage from high-temperature welding, complicated chemical processing, and inadequate mechanical bonding, which often lead to interfacial deformation and electrical failure. Here, we introduce a room-temperature direct interconnection (RTDI) technique that leverages hydrogen bonding and molecular chain entanglement to form robust, solder-free, multichannel interfaces between soft and rigid modules. The resulting interface achieves an exceptional mechanical bonding strength of 210.4 N m⁻¹ (24.7-fold higher than conventional silver paste), and an electrical stretchability of 173.6% with relatively stable resistance at 110% strain. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate the RTDI technique in two applications: multi-channel interconnections for stretchable displays and vertical chip integration for logic-controlled display systems. Owing to its simplicity and scalability, this method provides a powerful pathway for advancing multifunctional hybrid electronic integration.

Two-dimensional (2D) nanocrystals have recently risen to be highly promising for optoelectronics and microelectronics. However, it is a big challenge for 2D nanocrystals in the applications of long-wavelength regions (e.g., ≥660 nm) and the development of 2D nanocrystal light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with long-wavelength emissions is in its infancy. Here, colloidal quantum-well LEDs (CQW-LEDs) with long-wavelength emissions (671 nm) have been developed, simultaneously achieving high efficiency, extremely low efficiency roll-off, high luminance, ultra-saturated emission with CIE coordinates of (0.719, 0.280), and excellent color stability. The photoluminescence quantum yield of designed CdSe/CdZnS core/shell CQW films is as high as 92%. The resultant CQW-LEDs exhibit an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 17.45% and a luminance of 9335 cd m⁻², which are record values for 2D nanocrystal LEDs with long-wavelength emissions. Experiments and simulations reveal that the high performance is attributed to the great enhancement of charge balance, which is fulfilled by the employment of effective triple hole transport layers. The strategy also enables red CQW-LEDs to achieve an EQE of 20.41%. Such results provide a new approach to obtain CQW-LEDs, pave the way to realize superior performance 2D nanocrystal LEDs with long-wavelength emissions, and give a deep insight to regulate charge distribution for nanocrystal LEDs.

Metal–organic framework (MOF) glasses feature several unique dynamic and thermodynamic properties that differentiate them from their crystalline counterparts. However, the formation of MOF glasses usually requires the melt-quenching of molten MOFs from relatively high temperatures. In practice, this approach is quite limited because most MOFs decompose below their melting points. Herein, we demonstrate a direct crystal-to-glass transition in HKUST-1 MOF that has been achieved at room temperature and a relatively low pressure of <1.0 GPa. The dramatic fall in the required pressure is shown to arise from the aggregation of coordinated polar water molecules to form water clusters that exhibit a pulling effect on the Cu–O_(ligand) bonds. Meanwhile, the departed fragment gets flipped unfavorably to prevent further regeneration of the bond. Accordingly, a grain boundary-free continuous porous framework in the glassy state is successfully formed and can be fabricated into membranes. Given their unique microporosity and grain boundary-free characteristics, such MOF glass membranes present new opportunities for chemical separation (both gases and liquids), electrochemistry, and catalysts, promising a new platform for MOF glasses.

Electromagnetic radiation in the current environment has become complex and uncontrollable due to the advancement of wireless technology. Traditional electromagnetic materials with fixed responses and performance after manufacturing, fail to meet the requirements for reconfigurable and multi-frequency protection. Inspired by the moth surface cilia to bend and evade bat sonar detection, our work introduces a metamaterial featuring broadband and tunable microwave absorption (MA) characteristics. In material systems, polyurethane (TPU) elastomers are used to reinforce CPLA matrices, balancing the mechanical properties and shape memory properties of 4D-printed composite materials for shape reconfigurable requirements under multi-physical fields. In structural design, we implement multi-unit encoding strategies to enlarge the dimensions of absorption regulation. In the optimization method, we provide a Deep Q-Network high-dimensional morphological intelligent optimization design method. The final 5 × 5 array achieves broadband, tunable MA effects in the 5.6–18 GHz range. Our work demonstrates a new path for electromagnetic absorption to evolve from static design to reconfigurable intelligence.

Using first-principles calculations and quantum transport simulations, we simulated multifunctional devices based on lateral graphene/MoS₂ heterostructures, including rectifiers, spin filters, and optoelectronic devices. We investigated the effects of doping, bias voltage, gate voltage, and interface configurations on the device performance. We considered two types of lateral graphene/MoS₂ heterostructures, with graphene connected to either the S edge (C-S) or Mo edge (C-Mo) of the MoS₂. Our calculations show magnetic coupling at the graphene/MoS₂ interfaces even though they are composed of non-magnetic materials, which is consistent with previous theoretical studies. The spin polarization effects degraded the rectification ratios of the graphene/MoS₂ rectifiers. However, n-type doping of MoS₂ could significantly enhance the rectification ratio of the C-S device to 10⁵ and increase the current by an order of magnitude. The C-Mo device was shown to be highly suitable for spin filter applications, with a spin current polarization ratio of almost 100% under bias and gate voltage modulation. For optoelectronic applications, both types of lateral graphene/MoS₂ heterostructures exhibited high photocurrent peaks across the infrared, visible, and/or ultraviolet light regions, with a maximum photocurrent of 13 μA/mm² and suitable bias and gate voltages. Our study reveals the magnetic multifunctional nature of lateral graphene/MoS₂ heterostructure devices, and can serve as a theoretical guide for the design and modulation of high-performance multifunctional devices based on two-dimensional lateral heterostructures.

Flexible ionic pressure sensors (FIPS) have emerged as promising candidates for bridging the gap between electronics and biologically compatible interfaces. Unlike previous reviews, which focused primarily on materials or devices, this review presents a classification of FIPS based on mechanisms into two distinct categories: the migration-electronic type and the emerging iontronic type. Eight representative sensing mechanisms are systematically analyzed, including ionic piezoresistive, capacitive, piezoelectric and triboelectric effects (migration-electronic), as well as ionic diode, potentiometric transduction, nanofluidic and coupled nanofluidic–potentiometric transduction mechanisms (emerging iontronic). The basic force-electric response principles of each type of sensor have been described, combining theoretical derivation formulas followed by a comparative analysis of advantages, disadvantages, and key performance indicators, which have both comprehensiveness and originality. Furthermore, we highlight advanced engineering approaches integrating ionic transport materials, flexible substrates, and novel electrodes to enhance sensitivity, stability, and multi-modal responsiveness. Finally, we outline current challenges and future prospects of wearable electronics, healthcare monitoring, and intelligent robotics. By mapping the evolution of sensing mechanisms and their associated architectures, this review provides a comprehensive and forward-looking perspective on the development of next-generation ionic sensing systems.