Earth’s tectonic and plate boundary evolution over 1.8 billion years

Abstract

Understanding the intricate relationships between the solid Earth and its surface systems in deep time necessitates comprehensive full-plate tectonic reconstructions that include evolving plate boundaries and oceanic plates. In particular, a tectonic reconstruction that spans multiple supercontinent cycles is important to understand the long-term evolution of Earth’s interior, surface environments and mineral resources. Here, we present a new full-plate tectonic reconstruction from 1.8 Ga to present that combines and refines three published models: one full-plate tectonic model spanning 1 Ga to present and two continental-drift models focused on the late Paleoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic eras. Our model is constrained by geological and geophysical data, and presented as a relative plate motion model in a paleomagnetic reference frame. The model encompasses three supercontinents, Nuna (Columbia), Rodinia, and Gondwana/Pangea, and more than two complete supercontinent cycles, covering ∼40% of the Earth’s history. Our refinements to the base models are focused on times before 1.0 Ga, with minor changes for the Neoproterozoic. For times between 1.8 Ga and 1.0 Ga, the root mean square speeds for all plates generally range between 4 cm/yr and 7 cm/yr (despite short-term fast motion around 1.1 Ga), which are kinematically consistent with post-Pangean plate tectonic constraints. The time span of the existence of Nuna is updated to between 1.6 Ga (1.65 Ga in the base model) and 1.46 Ga based on geological and paleomagnetic data. We follow the base models to leave Amazonia/West Africa separate from Nuna (as well as Western Australia, which only collides with the remnants of Nuna after initial break-up), and South China/India separate from Rodinia. Contrary to the concept of a “boring billion”, our model reveals a dynamic geological history between 1.8 Ga and 0.8 Ga, characterized by supercontinent assembly and breakup, and continuous accretion events. The model is publicly accessible, providing a framework for future refinements and facilitating deep time studies of Earth’s system. We suggest that the model can serve as a valuable working hypothesis, laying the groundwork for future hypothesis testing.

Keywords

Plate reconstruction / Nuna / Supercontinent / Proterozoic / Paleogeography

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Xianzhi Cao: Writing – original draft, Visualization, Methodology, Investigation. Alan S. Collins: Writing – review & editing, Investigation. Sergei Pisarevsky: Writing – review & editing, Methodology, Investigation. Nicolas Flament: Writing – review & editing, Supervision, Investigation, Conceptualization. Sanzhong Li: Writing – review & editing, Supervision, Investigation, Funding acquisition. Derrick Hasterok: Writing – review & editing, Methodology, Investigation. R. Dietmar Müller: Writing – review & editing, Supervision, Resources, Conceptualization.

Data availability

The digital plate model is available on Zenodo at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11536686.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Sanzhong Li is a Council Member of Geoscience Frontiers and the co-author of this article. This article was handled without any involvement of Sanzhong Li.

Acknowledgements

XC is supported by Shandong Outstanding Youth Science Foundation (China) (2023HWYQ-065), Taishan Scholar Program (China) (tsqn202306114) and National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFF0800401). ASC acknowledges funding through Australian Research Council projects LP210200822, LP200301457, FT120100340, FL240100114 and the MinEx CRC. His contribution forms MinEx publication #2024/37. SL is funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 42121005, 91958214), Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (China) (No. ZR2021YQ25), and the Marine S&T Fund of Shandong Province for Laoshan Laboratory (No. 2022QNLM050302). SP was supported by the Australian Research Council Laureate Fellowship grant to Z.X. Li (FL150100133). This study is a contribution to IGCP 648. NF acknowledges funding through Australian Research Council projects LP220100056 and FT230100001. Three anonymous reviewers are thanked for their constructive reviews that substantially improved the manuscript.

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