Cretaceous magmatic arc in Hainan and the peri-South China Sea as evidenced by geochemical fingerprinting of granitoids in the region

Abstract

Mesozoic magmatic rocks occur widely in the South China Block and are generally interpreted as the manifestations of the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific oceanic lithosphere beneath Asia. Subduction-driven magmatism in southeast (SE) China continued from the Late Permian through the Late Cretaceous with an inferred lull between 125 Ma and 115 Ma that is known in the literature as the Cretaceous “magmatic quiescence”. We report in-situ zircon U–Pb ages, Hf–O and whole-rock Sr–Nd isotopes, and whole-rock geochemistry of Cretaceous granitoids on Hainan Island and discuss their magmatic evolution within the framework of the Late Mesozoic geodynamics of SE China. We recognize two main stages of the emplacement of Cretaceous granitoids on Hainan, first around 120 Ma and then around 100–95 Ma, displaying high-K calc-alkaline, I-type geochemical affinities. Granites in both age groups are enriched in LILE and LREE, but depleted in Nb, Ta, Ba, Sr, and Eu. The 120 Ma granites have zircon ε_Hf(t) values of –2.6 to 2.3 corresponding to Hf crustal model ages, ranging from 0.79 Ga to 1.03 Ga, and δ¹⁸O values ranging from 6.9‰ to 7.7‰. Zircons from 100–95 Ma granites have ε_Hf(t) values of –4.2 to 1.1 corresponding to Hf crustal model ages of 1.08 Ga to 1.42 Ga, and δ¹⁸O values ranging from 6.7‰ to 8.4‰. Increasing ε_Hf(t) values of the Cretaceous Hainan granites with younger crystallization ages indicate addition of more juvenile components and reworking of crustal material into their melt evolution. The ε_Nd(t) values of the 120 Ma and 100–95 Ma granitoids range between –4.1 to –0.4 and –7.7 to –4.0, respectively. The calculated two–stage model age of the 100–95 Ma granitoids clusters between 1.25 Ga and 1.53 Ga. These isotopic data suggest that magmas of the Cretaceous granitoids were produced by partial melting of Mesoproterozoic metabasaltic rocks, which make up much of the crystalline basement of the southern Cathaysia block. The geochemical and isotopic characteristics of the Cretaceous granitoids on Hainan resemble those of magmatic arcs in the Circum–Pacific orogenic belts and identical to those of nearly coeval granitoid intrusions in the continental fragments within the South China Sea basin. We interpret these Cretaceous granitoids in the Peri–South China Sea region as the remnants of a once contiguous Late Mesozoic magmatic arc system that bounded the southern margin of the entire continental Southeast Asia. Our findings do not support the existence of an episode of magmatic quiescence in the geological record of SE China during the Aptian.

Keywords

I–type granites / Cretaceous / Hainan Island / Southeast China / Magmatic arc / peri–South China Sea region

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Xiao-Yan Jiang: Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Conceptualization, Project administration. Yildirim Dilek: Data curation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing, Funding acquisition. Xian-Hua Li: Funding acquisition, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing, Conceptualization.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

We thank Mulong Chen, Jianbo Zhou, Zechao Chen, Yu Liu, Guoqiang Tang, and Yueheng Yang, for their assistance in our fieldwork, zircon U-Pb age, and Hf-O isotope isotope analyses. Y Dilek’s fieldwork on the Hainan Island was supported by funds from the Second Institute of Oceanography and Zhejiang University in Hangzhou that are gratefully acknowledged. This work was supported by the Chinese National Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 41703010). We acknowledge constructive and insightful reviews by Gaoxue Yang and an anonymous referee that helped us improve the data presentation and interpretations in the paper. We are grateful to Editorial Advisor Prof. M. Santosh for his editorial handling.

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