Frontier of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean in the western Mediterranean: Isotopic (Sm-Nd) constraints on sources of Devonian units from Menorca Island

Abstract

The c. 1000-m-thick pre-orogenic Devonian mainly metapelitic sequence of North Menorca Island shows a fairly complete stratigraphic succession. The rocks of this sequence indicate gradually increasing deeper marine conditions of sedimentation towards its uppermost levels. Furthermore, the obtained sedimentary characteristics resemble those related to a deep and narrow basin-associated deposit. Thin sills of Ti-augite-bearing alkaline gabbros occur within the Devonian sequence. The intensity of Variscan deformation increases downwards through the structure. According to the characteristics of the Devonian sequence and its location within the Variscan Orogen, a correlation with similar units located in the southern sectors of the Central Iberian Zone (Iberian Massif) is suggested. The Devonian metapelitic rocks have geochemical characteristics suggesting that they represent moderately recycled mature siliciclastic sediments, generated from erosion of distant source areas belonging to an upper continental crust. The relatively narrow range of variation observed in initial ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios supports a similar source for the Menorcan slates (0.51165–0.51182). However, a marked trend is observed in these isotope ratios, from lower values at the base of the stratigraphic column (minimum value of 0.511941) to higher values at the top (maximum value of 0.512131). The ¹⁴⁷Sm/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios vary between 0.1074 and 0.1238, within the range defined for siliciclastic rocks with felsic crustal provenance. The Nd model ages define a narrow range between 1496 Ma and 1754 Ma (Late Paleoproterozoic–Early Mesoproterozoic), and they are consistently younger up-section. These data rule out a provenance from the erosion of the West Africa Craton, as they are more compatible with a provenance from regions located in the Trans-Saharan Belt or Sahara Metacraton. The characteristics of the Menorcan Devonian sequence are compatible with its deposition in a narrow and deep peri-Gondwanan transtensional basin, generated to the south of an advancing Variscan orogenic wedge. Systematic variations in the Nd isotopic composition indicate the progressive and continuous denudation of increasingly more easterly North African sectors in a collisional context between Laurussia and Gondwana with a marked dextral component. These data must be interpreted in the sense that there was not a large oceanic domain during Devonian times to the south of Iberia, able to block the arrival of detrital material from North Africa. A large tract of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean would therefore not have existed during the Devonian south of Iberia. This ocean must therefore have had limited extent in this period towards the westernmost sectors. The Devonian peri-Gondwanan shelf was apparently continuous around Iberia. This platform was progressively affected by Variscan deformation advancing from north to south and incorporated into the Variscan orogenic wedge with the same vergence.

Keywords

Western Paleo-Tethys frontiers / Menorca Island / Sm-Nd isotopic constraints / Devonian sequence / provenance in Gondwana

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Shailesh Kumar Yadav: Conceptualization, Data curation, Visualization, Writing – original draft. AL. Ramanathan: Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing. Chidambaram Sabarathinam: Writing – review & editing. Alok Kumar: Writing – review & editing. Manoj Kumar: Writing – review & editing. Anshula Dhiman: Investigation, Visualization.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgments

The author is grateful to the CSIR (Government of India) for offering the CSIR-SR Fellowship. Author is also thankful to IUAC for extending the XRD and XRF facility, funded by the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) under the Geochronology project [MoES/P.O.(Seismic)8(09)-Geochron/2012]. The authors are thankful to the CIF (Central Instrumentation Facility), School of Environmental Sciences, and AIRF (Advanced Instrumentation Research Facility), Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India, for providing additional support and instrumentation facility. This research was primarily supported by the CSIR fellowship. XRD and XRF analyses were conducted at the IUAC, under UGC, allowing access to facilities without any charge. Other analyses were performed internally at Jawaharlal Nehru University.

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