Evolution of the rare earth trade network: A perspective of dependency and competition

Abstract

As a global strategic reserve resource, rare earth has been widely used in important industries, such as military equipment and biomedicine. However, existing analyses based solely on the total volume of rare earth trade fail to uncover the underlying competition and dependency dynamics. To address this gap, this paper employs the principles of trade preference and import similarity to construct dependency and competition networks. Complex network analysis is then employed to study the evolution of the global rare earth trade network from 2002 to 2018. The main conclusions are as follows. The global rare earth trade follows the Pareto principle, and the trade network shows a scale-free distribution. China has emerged as the world’s largest importer and exporter of rare earth since 2017. In the dependency network, China has become the most dependent country since 2006. The result of community division shows that China has separated from the American community and formed new communities with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries. The United States of America has formed a super-strong community with European and Asian countries. In the competition network, the distribution of competition intensity follows a scale-free distribution. Most countries face low-intensity competition, but there are numerous competing countries. The competition related to China has increased significantly. Lastly, the competition source for the United States of America has shifted from Mexico to China, resulting in China, the USA, and Japan becoming the core participants in the competition network.

Keywords

Rare earth / Trade network / Dependency / Competition / Complex network analysis

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Jilan Xu: Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. Jiahao Li: Methodology, Software, Writing – review & editing. Vincent Charles: Writing – review & editing, Formal analysis, Investigation. Xin Zhao: Visualization, Writing – review & editing, Supervision, Funding acquisition.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Editor and the anonymous reviewers for their valuable feedback on the previous version of this manuscript. This work was supported by the Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Foundation (Grant No. 22YJC910014), the Social Sciences Planning Youth Project of Anhui Province (Grant No. AHSKQ2022D138), and the Innovation Development Research Project of Anhui Province (Grant No. 2021CX053).

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