Objective To compare the incidence of neonatal hypoglycaemia (NH) in early preterm infants born to mothers with diabetes who were exposed to antenatal corticosteroids (ACS) and those born to mothers without diabetes who were also exposed to ACS. Study

Methods A retrospective cohort study of pregnant mothers who delivered between 28 0/7 and 33 6/7 weeks of gestation who had received ACS. All deliveries were at Columbia University Medical Centre, a tertiary care centre in the city of New York. ACS doses and timing of administration prior to delivery were compared between primary exposure groups, mothers diagnosed with diabetes versus mothers without diabetes. The primary outcome was $\mathrm{N}\mathrm{H}(<40\mathrm{m}\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{d}\mathrm{L})$ within the first 48 hours of life. Associations were tested using ${\chi }^{2}$ test and logistic regression.

Results Of 212 eligible patients, neonates of mothers with diabetes demonstrated a higher rate of NH (39.4% vs 19.6%,p=0.01 ). Other risk factors of NH included maternal body mass index and maternal age at delivery. Steroid dose and timing of administration were not determinant factors in developing NH.

Conclusions Early preterm neonates of mothers with diabetes who received ACS have a higher risk of NH. However, due to the lack of a control group of unexposed infants, the direct impact of ACS on NH cannot be conclusively determined.

Pre-eclampsia, a devastating obstetrical complication of pregnancy, poses significant risks to both maternal and fetal health. This condition is estimated to affect 2%-15% of all pregnancies globally. Despite considerable attention, the exact aetiology of pre-eclampsia is still debatable; however, it is increasingly recognised as a placental disorder with lasting implications for both mother and child, potentially predisposing them to chronic diseases later in life. This review highlights the urgent need for targeted interventions and policy development to improve maternal health outcomes. It further reviews the latest advancements in prediction, prevention, management and the knowledge among healthcare workers, pregnant women and the community in general. Through the lens of Tanzania's healthcare landscape, where challenges are compounded by scarce healthcare resources and limited awareness, the review calls for a comprehensive approach to enhance management of pre-eclampsia. Recommendations include targeted screening measures, such as first trimester assessments of uterine artery blood flow resistance due to impaired spiral artery remodelling, use of diagnostic biomarkers, lifestyle modifications including weight control, a healthy diet and regular exercise, advanced practical training for primary healthcare providers, improved antenatal care facilities and strengthened education on pre-eclampsia for pregnant women to support early diagnosis and intervention. With a call for innovation in diagnostic methods and a deeper dive into the disease's underlying mechanisms, the review aims to advance clinical practice and reduce both maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality associated with this prevalent obstetrical complication.

Background Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects a patient's ovarian function and reduces a patient's fertility. This study aimed to evaluate predictors of clinical pregnancy after in vitro fertilisation-embryo transfer (IVFET) in infertile PCOS patients.

Methods The study included infertile patients with PCOS who received IVF-ET from January 2017 to March 2024 at the Reproductive Medicine Center of the General Hospital of Northern Theater Command. This study analysed the predictors of clinical pregnancy after IVF-ET in infertile patients with PCOS and analysed the predictive effect of these factors on clinical pregnancy.

Results A total of 425 patients with PCOS who met the criteria were included in the study. Multivariate logistic regression analysis found that luteinising hormone (LH)/follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (OR =0.577, $95\mathrm{\%}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{I}0.422$95%CI0.422 to 0.789;p=0.001 ), free thyroxine (FT4) level ( $0\mathrm{R}=\mathrm{1.107,95}\mathrm{\%}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{l}1.009$0R=1.107,95%Cl1.009 to 1.214; p=0.031 ), number of embryos transferred (OR=1.781, 95% Cl 1.238 to 2.562;p=0.002 ), number of oocytes retrieved ( $\mathrm{O}\mathrm{R}=\mathrm{1.071,95}\mathrm{\%}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{l}1.016$OR=1.071,95%Cl1.016 to 1.130;p=0.011 ), optimal embryo rate (OR=21.347, 95% CI 2.647 to 172.131; p=0.004 ) and level of antral follicles (OR $=\mathrm{1.444,95}\mathrm{\%}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{l}$=1.444,95%Cl 1.131 to 1.845;p=0.003 ) were independent predictors of clinical pregnancy after ET in PCOS infertile patients. The predictive model constructed based on these predictors had an area under the curve of 0.732 ( $95\mathrm{\%}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{l}$95%Cl : 0.683 to 0.782 ) for clinical pregnancy.

Conclusions Our study found that LH/FSH, FT4 level, number of embryos transferred, number of oocytes retrieved, optimal embryo rate and level of antral follicles were significantly associated with clinical pregnancy rate in PCOS infertility patients after assisted reproductive therapy. Combining these variables can effectively predict clinical pregnancy.

Introduction Contraceptive provision at the time of abortion lowers rates of subsequent unplanned pregnancy but cost, method availability and other considerations impact decision-making. We examined factors associated with contraceptive preferences at the time of abortion in a US safety net hospital.

Methods This is a retrospective cohort study. We abstracted medical records for patients seen in the gynaecology clinic between April 2019 and June 2021 who received a medication or procedural abortion for an undesired pregnancy. We collected demographic and clinical data from the electronic medical record. We generated descriptive statistics using Stata V. 18 and used R to perform a latent class analysis to identify patterns of association with selected demographic variables and chosen contraceptive methods.

Results 638 met inclusion criteria. Latent group 1, which was largely Hispanic, on Medicaid, and/or undergoing medication abortion, most often chose the subdermal implant or pills. Latent group 2, which was largely nonHispanic and undergoing procedural abortion, most often chose a levonorgestrel intrauterine device (LNG IUD) or declined birth control. Nearly 80% initiated any contraceptive method, with over 20% choosing an LNGIUD and over 40% choosing any IUD or the subdermal implant. Contraceptive uptake was highest among Spanish-speaking individuals $(115/\mathrm{131,87.8}\mathrm{\%})$. Noninitiation occurred most frequently among individuals who did not have insurance/self-paid (24/72, 33.3%), spoke a language other than English or Spanish (8/27, 29.6%), or had a procedural abortion <14 weeks (38/171, 22.2%).

Conclusions Contraceptive uptake was high among abortion-seeking individuals. Further research can clarify how other factors impact decision-making and uptake among vulnerable populations.

Vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS) is an inflammatory, nonneoplastic dermatosis affecting individuals of all ages, with symptomatic peaks often observed during puberty and menopause. The primary symptoms of VLS include progressive vulvar itching and pain, which can lead to vulvar scarring and sexual dysfunction in later stages, significantly affecting the quality of life for patients. Currently, despite the availability of numerous therapeutic options, treatment outcomes remain less than satisfactory. Energy-based physical therapies, such as photodynamic therapy, laser therapy and high-intensity focused ultrasound, have demonstrated positive therapeutic effects on VLS in various pioneering studies. This review aims to provide an overview of the research progress and potential mechanisms of these physical therapies in the context of VLS while also comparing related treatment methods to emphasise the advantages of energy-based physical therapy for this condition.

Endometrial cancer (EC), the second most common gynaecologic malignancy, faces challenges in precision treatment due to limited predictive models for therapy selection. Patient-derived organoids, which recapitulate tumour heterogeneity and microenvironment, offer a transformative platform for drug sensitivity testing and personalised therapy. However, standardised protocols for establishing EC organoids, biobanking and clinical translation remain lacking consensus. This expert consensus proposes guidelines for EC organoid culture optimisation, characterisation and clinical validation. By harmonising technological advances with clinical needs, this consensus aims to accelerate the integration of organoid models into EC precision medicine, ultimately improving therapeutic outcomes.

Australia established a National Cervical Screening Programme (NCSP) in 1991 using the Papanicolaou smear on a 2 -yearly interval. This led to an initial drop in cervical cancer incidence, mainly of the squamous origin, but has plateaued since 2007. Introduction of a National HPV Vaccination Program for girls in 2007, which now includes boys, was followed by a major change in the NCSP to a 5-yearly cervical screening for people aged 25-74, using a primary human papillomavirus (HPV) test with partial HPV genotyping and reflex liquid-based cytology triage, designated as a Cervical Screening Test. The next important milestone was expanding the option of self-collection to all eligible people in 2022 to encourage more participation in cervical screening. Population-based cancer screening programmes require monitoring of their performance, quality and safety. NCSP monitoring reports are produced annually with performance indicators grouped under each of the five population screening pathway stages of 'Recruitment', 'Screening', 'Assessment', 'Diagnosis' and 'Outcomes'. From this monitoring, changes are being made in the renewed NCSP Guidelines to improve participation and management of screened abnormalities. All this is underpinned by the provision of cervical screening data by the National Cancer Screening Register. In 2020, WHO published the Global Strategy for cervical cancer elimination with goals to achieve through HPV vaccination, screening with a high-performance test and women identified with cervical disease receiving treatment. Australia has made good progress in 2023 with 84.2% HPV vaccine coverage for girls by the age of 15 years, 82.8% of women aged 35-39 screened at least once with an HPV test and 79.8% of women aged 45-49 having been screened at least twice, and 84.5% and 88.7% of those with precancer detected in 2022 were treated within 6 and 12 months.