A review on comprehensive strategies for decarbonizing bioethanol production process

Abstract

Bioethanol plays a crucial role in the global transition to sustainability, serving as a renewable fuel especially in the transportation sector, and a versatile renewable chemical precursor in industries, mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Although bioethanol is renewable, its production is still carbon-intensive, with most emissions arising from fermentation and cogeneration. Despite significant advancements, existing works on bioethanol have largely focused on individual decarbonization elements (e.g., CCU, CCS in bioenergy, and process intensification in ethanol production). Few studies link these strategies together to show how they could collectively move bioethanol toward carbon-negative production. This review aims to fill that gap by systematically analyzing the evolution of bioethanol production processes, identifying key sources of CO₂ emissions, and critically evaluating state-of-the-art strategies—including process optimization, CCU, and CCS—within a unified framework. Overall, this review underscores that integrating process optimization, CCU, and CCS can transform bioethanol production from a low-carbon fuel into a negative-emission technology, reinforcing its pivotal role in global decarbonization efforts.

Keywords

Bioethanol / Decarbonization / CCU / CCS / Sustainable biofuels / Negative emissions

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Treerat Vacharanukrauh: Writing - original draft, Visualization, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Conceptualization. Apinan Soottitantawat: Writing - review & editing, Methodology, Conceptualization. Nuttha Thongchul: Writing - review & editing, Validation, Formal analysis, Conceptualization. Worapon Kiatkittipong: Writing - review & editing, Validation. Nopphon Weeranoppanant: Writing - review & editing, Validation, Conceptualization. Suttichai Assabumrungrat: Writing - review & editing, Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisition, Conceptualization.

Declaration of Generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process

During the preparation of this work the authors used ChatGPT (GPT-4o) to improve readability and language. After using this tool/service, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the publication.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the supports from Thailand Science Research and Innovation Fund Chulalongkorn University (BCG_FF_68_056_2100_010) and The Ratchadaphiseksomphot Endowment Fund, Chulalongkorn University (The Review Article Grant No.RA68003).

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