Advances in the study of the systematics of Actinidia Lindley

Abstract

Actinidia (Actinidiaceae) is of economic importance for its edible fruits. Traditional taxonomy divided the genus into four sections, Leiocarpae Dunn, Maculatae Dunn, Strigosae Li, and Stellatae Li. However, phylogenetic studies based on morphology and molecular markers have posed challenges to the four-section scheme. It appears that the natural classification of the genus points to the existence of two groups, one comprising Leiocarpae, and the other Maculatae, Strigosae, and Stellatae. Single- or low-copy genes would probably be useful in untangling the perplexity and the reticulate evolution of the genus. However, any phylogenetic studies must be firmly based on sound taxonomy and identification. Population sampling throughout the distribution range of the taxa should be carried out in order to study the variation pattern of the morphology and, ultimately, to clarify the confusion existing in some taxa. A combination of morphometrics and molecular data is highly desirable for resolving the uncertainty in Actinidia taxonomy.

Key words： Actinidia; Actinidiaceae; systematics; taxonomy confusion

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by grants from the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KSCX2-YW-Z-049), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 30570120 and 30370101) and Wuhan Botanical Garden, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. O754521G04).

References

1 APG (The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group) (1998). An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 85: 531-553

2 APG (The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group) (2003). An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 141: 399-436

3 Chat J, Jáuregui B, Petit R J, Nadot S (2004). Reticulate evolution in kiwifruit (Actinidia, Actinidiaceae) identified by comparing their maternal and paternal phylogenies. American Journal of Botany, 91: 736-747

4 Cipriani G, Testolin R, Gardner R (1998). Restriction-site variation of PCR-amplified chloroplast DNA regions and its implication for the evolution and taxonomy of Actinidia. Theoretical and Apllied Genetics, 96: 389-396

5 Cronquist A (1981). An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants. (Reprinted 1993). New York: Columbia University Press, 1261

6 Cui Z X, Huang H W, Xiao X G (2002). Actinidia in China. Beijing: China Agricultural Science and Technology Press

7 Davis P H, Heywood V H (1963). Principles of angiosperm taxonomy. Edinburgh and London: Oliver & Boyd Ltd, 78-88

8 Delsuc F, Brinkmann H, Philippe H (2005). Phylogenomics and the reconstruction of the tree of life. Nature Review Genetics, 6: 361-375

9 Dressler S, Bayer C (2004). Actinidiaceae. In: Kubitzki K, ed. Families and Genera of Vascular Plants 6. Berlin: Springer, 14-18

10 Dunn S T (1911). A revision of the genus Actinidia, Lindl. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany, 39: 394-410

11 Engler A, Diels L (1936). Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien, 11^th ed. Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger

12 Ferguson A R (1990). Botanical nomenclature: Actinidia chinensis, Actinidia deliciosa, and Actinidia setosa. In: Warrington I J, Weston G C, eds. Kiwifruit: science and management. Auckland: Ray Richards Publ. and New Zealand Soc. Hort. Sci., 36-57

13 Ferguson A R, Ferguson L R (2003). Are kiwifruit really good for you. Acta Horticulturae (ISHS), 610: 131-138

14 Ferguson A R, Huang H W (2007). Genetic resources of kiwifruit: domestication and breeding. Horticultural Reviews, 33: 1-121

15 Ferguson D, Sang T (2001). Speciation through homoploid hybridization between allotetraploids in peonies (Paeonia). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98: 3915-3919

16 Gilg E (1893). Dilleniaceae. In: Engler A, Prantl K, eds. Die naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien. Teil 3, Abt. 6, Lief 80. Lepzig: Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, 100-128

17 Gilg E, Werdermann E (1925). Actinidiaceae. In: Engler A, Prantl K, eds. Die naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien Vol. 21. Lepzig: Verlag Wilhelm Engelman, 36-47

18 Gui Y L (1981). A comparative morphological observations of Actinidia chinensis Planch. var. chinensis and A. chinensis Planch. var. hispida. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica, 19: 304-307 (in Chinese)

19 He Z C, Li J Q, Cai Q, Wang Q (2005). The cytology of Actinidia, Saurauia and Clematoclethra (Actinidiaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 147: 369-374

20 He Z C, Zhang X Y, Zhong Y, Ye L (2000a). Phylogenetic relationships of Actinidia and related genera based on micromorphological characters of foliar trichomes. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 47: 627-639

21 He Z C, Zhong Y, Liu H T, Tang X H, Ye L, Huang D S, Xu L M (2000b). Quantitative taxonomic analyses of Actinidia (Actinidiaceae) in China based on micromorphological characters of foliar trichomes. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica, 38: 121-136 (in Chinese)

22 Hirsch A M, Longeon A, Guyot M (2002). Fraxin and esculin: two coumarins specific to Actinidia chinensis and A. deliciosa (kiwifruit). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 30: 55-60

23 Huang H, Li J, Lang P, Wang S (1999). Systematic relationships in Actinidia as revealed by cluster analysis of digitized morphological descriptors. Acta Horticulturae, 498: 71-78

24 Huang H W, Li Z Z, Li J Q, Kubisiak T L, Layne D R (2002). Phylogenetic relationships in Actinidia as revealed by RAPD analysis. Journal of American Society for Horticultural Science, 127: 759-766

25 Huang H W, Wang S M, Jiang Z W, Zhang Z H, Gong J J (2003). Exploration of Actinidia genetic resources and development of kiwifruit industry in China. In: Huang H W, ed. Advances in Actinidia research (II), 7-21

26 Jia B, Zhu L W, Yu X, Lu L J, Wang Y F (2005). RAPD analysis on germplasm resources in genus Actinidia. Journal of Anhui Agricultural University, 32: 381-384 (in Chinese)

27 Jiang Z W, Wang S M, Zhang Z H, Huang H W (2004). Pollen morphology of Actinidia and its systematic significance. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica, 42: 245-260 (in Chinese)

28 Koopman W J, Zevenbergen M J, Van Den Berg R G (2001). Species relationships in Lactuca s. l. (Lactuceae, Asteraceae) inferred from AFLP fingerprints. American Journal of Botany, 88: 1881-1887

29 Lars H,βPia E (2008). Relationships in Scorpidium (Calliergonaceae, Bryophyta), especially between S. cossonii and S. scorpioides. Taxon, 57: 121-130

30 Lee J Y, Mummenhoff K, Bowman J L (2002). Allopolyploidization and evolution of species with reduced floral structures in Lepidium L. (Brassicaceae). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99: 16835-16840

31 Li H L (1952). A taxonomic review of the genus Actinidia. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, 33: 1-61

32 Li H L (1976). Actinidiaceae. In: Flora of Taiwan Volume 2. Taipei: Epoch Publishing Co., Ltd., 585-591

33 Li J Q, Cai Q, Huang H W (2000). On the phylogeny of the genus Actinidia Lindley. In: Huang H W, ed. Advances in Actinidia research. Beijing: Science Press, 80-86 (in Chinese)

34 Li J Q, Huang H W, Sang T (2002). Molecular phylogeny and infrageneric classification of Actinidia (Actinidiaceae). Systematic Botany, 27: 408-415

35 Li J Q, Li X W, Soejarto D D (2007a). Actinidiaceae. In: Wu C Y, Raven P, eds. Flora of China Volume (12). Beijing: Science Press and St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press, 334-360

36 Li X W, Li J Q, Soejarto D D (2007b). New synonyms in Actinidiaceae from China. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica, 45(5): 633-660

37 Li Z Z, Gong J J, Wang Y, Jiang Z W, Huang H W (2005). Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships in Actinidia as revealed by AFLP analysis. In: Huang H W, ed. Advances in Actinidia research (III). Beijing: Science Press, 172-196 (in Chinese)

38 Li Z Z, Li L L, Huang H W, Jiang Z W, Li J Q, Tomas L K (2003). Genetic diversity and specific relationships in the genus Actinidia based on RAPDs and PCR-RFLPs of mt DNA. In: Huang H W, ed. Advances in Actinidia research (II). Beijing: Science Press, 245-261 (in Chinese)

39 Liang C F (1975). Classification of Actinidia chinensis Planch. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica, 13: 32-35 (in Chinese)

40 Liang C F (1984). Actinidia. In: Feng K M, ed. Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae, 49(2). Beijing: Science Press, 196-268, 309-324 (in Chinese)

41 Liang C F, Ferguson A R (1984). Emendation of the latin name of Actinidia chinensis Pl. var. hispida C. F. Liang. Guihaia, 4(3): 181-182 (in Chinese)

42 Lihova J, Marhold K, Tribsch A, Stuessy T F (2004). Morphometric and AFLP Re-evaluation of Tetraploid Cardamine amara (Brassicaceae) in the Mediterranean. Systematic Botany, 29: 134-146

43 Lindley J (1836). A natural system of botany. 2nd ed. London: Longman, 439

44 Melchior H (1964). Actindiaceae. In: Engler A, ed. Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien. 12 (Band II). Berlin: Gebrüder Bortraeger, 160

45 Savolainen V, Chase M W, Hoot S B, Morton C M, Soltis D E, Bayer C, Fay M F, Bruijn A Y, Sullivan S, Qiu Y L (2000). Phylogenetics of flowering plants based on combined analysis of plastid atpB and rbcL gene sequences. Systematic Biology, 49(2): 306-362

46 Shah A, Li D Z, MÖller M, Gao L M, Hollingsworth M L, Gibby M (2008). Delimitation of Taxus fuana Nan Li & R. R. Mill (Taxaceae) based on morphological and molecular data. Taxon, 57: 211-222

47 Soejarto D D (1980). Revision of South American Saurauia (Actinidiaceae). Fieldiana Botany, New Series, 2: 1-141

48 Soejarto D D (2004). Actinidiaceae. In: Smith N, Mori S A, Henderson A, Stevenson D W, Heald S V, eds. Flowering Plants of the Neotropics. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 9-10

49 Spooner D M, Fajardo D, Bryan G J (2007). Species limits of Solanum berthaultii Hawkes and S. tarijense Hawkes and the implications for species boundaries in Solanum sect. Petota. Taxon, 56: 987-999

50 Takhtajan A L (1969). Flowering plants: origin and dispersal. Edinburgh: Oliver & Body

51 Takhtajan A L (1997). Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants. New York: Columbia University Press

52 Testolin R, Cipriani G, Ferguson A R, Gardner R C (1997). Molecular approaches to systematics of Actinidia. Acta Horticulturae, 444: 97-101

53 Testolin R, Ferguson A R (1997). Isozyme polymorphism in the genus Actinidia and the origin of the kiwifruit genome. Systematic Botany, 22: 685-700

54 Thorne R F (1983). Proposed new realignements in the angiosperms. Nordic Journal of Botany, 3: 85-117

55 Van Tieghem P (1899). Sur les genres Actinidia et Saurauia consideres comme types d’une famille nouvelle, les Actinidiacees. Annales des Sciences Naturelles: Botanique et Biologie Vegetale, Series 8, 10: 137-140

56 Webby R F, Wilson R D, Ferguson A R (1994). Leaf flavonoids of Actinidia. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 22: 277-286

57 Woodland D W (2000). Contemporary Plant Systematics. 3rd ed. Berrien Springs, MI, USA: Andrews University Press, 569

58 Wu C Y (1977). Actinidia. Flora Yunnanica Volume 1. Beijing: Science Press, 57-74(in Chinese)

59 Wu Z Y, Lu A M, Tang Y C, Chen Z D, Li D Z (2003). The families and genera of angiosperms in China—A comprehensive analysis. Beijing: Science Press (in Chinese)

60 Xiong Z T(1991). Studies on the phylogenetic relationship between Actinidia chinensis and A.deliciosa using cladistic analysis. Guihaia, 11(1): 36-39 (in Chinese)

61 Zhang Z Y (1987). A study on the pollen morphology of Actinidiaceae and its systematic position. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica, 25: 9-23 (in Chinese)

62 Zhao X, Zhou Z Q, Lin Q B, Pan K Y, Li M Y (2008). Phylogenetic analysis of Paeonia sect. Moutan (Paeoniaceae) based on multiple DNA fragments and morphological data. Journal of Systematics and Evolution, 46(4): 563-572