Midostaurin inhibits hormone-refractory prostate cancer PC-3 cells by modulating nPKCs and AP-1 transcription factors and their target genes involved in cell cycle

Kavya Krishnappa , Naveen Kumar Mallesh , Srikantaradhya Chidananda Sharma , Doddamane Manjulakumari

Front. Biol. ›› 2017, Vol. 12 ›› Issue (6) : 421 -429.

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Front. Biol. ›› 2017, Vol. 12 ›› Issue (6) : 421 -429. DOI: 10.1007/s11515-017-1475-x
RESEARCH ARTICLE
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Midostaurin inhibits hormone-refractory prostate cancer PC-3 cells by modulating nPKCs and AP-1 transcription factors and their target genes involved in cell cycle

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: The development of prostate cancer from a clinically localized, hormone-naive state to a hormone-refractory phenotype involves a complex interplay of protein kinase C (PKC) and activator protein-1 (AP-1). Therefore, the present study aimed to uncover the roles of PKC and AP-1 through midostaurin-mediated regulation—a multi-target protein kinase inhibitor.

METHODS: Androgen Receptor-negative, hormone-refractory prostate cancer cells (PC-3) were used as an in-vitro model system. The effect of midostaurin on cell viability was assessed by an MTT assay. Expression studies on PKC-α, PKC-d, different AP-1 transcription factors, and AP-1 regulating genes were analyzed by semiquantitative RT-PCR, and protein levels of Bcl-2 were evaluated by western blotting.

RESULTS: Midostaurin decreased the viability of hormone-refractory PC-3 cells. Furthermore, midostaurin significantly induced the transcripts of apoptotic-mediated PKC-d, tumor suppressor p53, cell cycle inhibitor p21cip1/waf1, death receptor TNF-α, pro-apoptotic Bax, and Caspase-8, and eventually inhibited the expression of pro-survival PKC-ε, pro-oncogene c-Jun, c-Fos, Fra-1, positive growth regulator cyclin D1, and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. In addition, midostaurin also decreased the protein expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2.

CONCLUSION: The present study provided evidence that midostaurin suppresses tumor growth and induces apoptosis in hormone-refractory PC-3 cells via modulation of PKC-d and PKC-ε expression, and regulation of PMA-altered c-Jun, c-Fos, and Fra-1 AP-1 transcription factors and their target genes involved in cell cycle regulation (cyclin D1, p53, p21, Bcl-2, and TNF-α). Thus, pharmacological targeting of PKC and AP-1 factors may have therapeutic potential against hormone-refractory prostate cancer.

Keywords

protein kinase C / AP-1 factors / midostaurin / semi-qRT-PCR / western blotting

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Kavya Krishnappa, Naveen Kumar Mallesh, Srikantaradhya Chidananda Sharma, Doddamane Manjulakumari. Midostaurin inhibits hormone-refractory prostate cancer PC-3 cells by modulating nPKCs and AP-1 transcription factors and their target genes involved in cell cycle. Front. Biol., 2017, 12(6): 421-429 DOI:10.1007/s11515-017-1475-x

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