Midostaurin inhibits hormone-refractory prostate cancer PC-3 cells by modulating nPKCs and AP-1 transcription factors and their target genes involved in cell cycle

Kavya Krishnappa, Naveen Kumar Mallesh, Srikantaradhya Chidananda Sharma, Doddamane Manjulakumari

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Front. Biol. ›› 2017, Vol. 12 ›› Issue (6) : 421-429. DOI: 10.1007/s11515-017-1475-x
RESEARCH ARTICLE
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Midostaurin inhibits hormone-refractory prostate cancer PC-3 cells by modulating nPKCs and AP-1 transcription factors and their target genes involved in cell cycle

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: The development of prostate cancer from a clinically localized, hormone-naive state to a hormone-refractory phenotype involves a complex interplay of protein kinase C (PKC) and activator protein-1 (AP-1). Therefore, the present study aimed to uncover the roles of PKC and AP-1 through midostaurin-mediated regulation—a multi-target protein kinase inhibitor.

METHODS: Androgen Receptor-negative, hormone-refractory prostate cancer cells (PC-3) were used as an in-vitro model system. The effect of midostaurin on cell viability was assessed by an MTT assay. Expression studies on PKC-α, PKC-d, different AP-1 transcription factors, and AP-1 regulating genes were analyzed by semiquantitative RT-PCR, and protein levels of Bcl-2 were evaluated by western blotting.

RESULTS: Midostaurin decreased the viability of hormone-refractory PC-3 cells. Furthermore, midostaurin significantly induced the transcripts of apoptotic-mediated PKC-d, tumor suppressor p53, cell cycle inhibitor p21cip1/waf1, death receptor TNF-α, pro-apoptotic Bax, and Caspase-8, and eventually inhibited the expression of pro-survival PKC-ε, pro-oncogene c-Jun, c-Fos, Fra-1, positive growth regulator cyclin D1, and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. In addition, midostaurin also decreased the protein expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2.

CONCLUSION: The present study provided evidence that midostaurin suppresses tumor growth and induces apoptosis in hormone-refractory PC-3 cells via modulation of PKC-d and PKC-ε expression, and regulation of PMA-altered c-Jun, c-Fos, and Fra-1 AP-1 transcription factors and their target genes involved in cell cycle regulation (cyclin D1, p53, p21, Bcl-2, and TNF-α). Thus, pharmacological targeting of PKC and AP-1 factors may have therapeutic potential against hormone-refractory prostate cancer.

Keywords

protein kinase C / AP-1 factors / midostaurin / semi-qRT-PCR / western blotting

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Kavya Krishnappa, Naveen Kumar Mallesh, Srikantaradhya Chidananda Sharma, Doddamane Manjulakumari. Midostaurin inhibits hormone-refractory prostate cancer PC-3 cells by modulating nPKCs and AP-1 transcription factors and their target genes involved in cell cycle. Front. Biol., 2017, 12(6): 421‒429 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11515-017-1475-x

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to express theirgratitude to the Department of Science and Technology-Promotion ofUniversity Research and Scientific Excellence [DST-PURSE; SR/59/Z-23/2010/38(c)] and the University Grant Commission-Centre with Potentialfor Excellence in Particular Area [UGC-CPEPA; 8-2/2008(NS/PE)], NewDelhi for providing financial support. The authors also wish to expresstheir gratitude to the Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology,Bangalore University, Bengaluru for providing DST-FIST, UGC-SAP, anddepartment facilities.

Compliance with ethics guidelines

Kavya Krishnappa, Naveen Kumar Mallesh,Srikantaradhya Chidananda Sharma, Doddamane Manjulakumari declarethat they have no conflict of interest. This study did not employhuman or animal subjects for any experiments that were performed bythe authors.

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2017 Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature
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