ABA and GA₃ affect the growth and pigment composition in Andrographis paniculata Wall.ex Nees., an important folk herb

Abstract

In this study, 5 μmol•L^-1 abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA₃) were used to study the effect of both growth regulators on the morphological parameters and pigment composition of Andrographis paniculata. The growth regulators were applied by means of foliar spray during morning hours. ABA treatment inhibited the growth of the stem and internodal length when compared with control, whereas GA₃ treatment increased the plant height and internodal length. The total number of leaves per plant decreased in the ABA-treated plants, but GA₃ treatment increased the total number of leaves when compared with the control. Both growth regulators (ABA and GA₃) showed increased leaf area. ABA and GA₃ treatments slightly decreased the total root growth at all the stages of growth. The growth regulator treatments increased the whole plant fresh and dry weight at all stages of growth. ABA enhanced the fresh and dry weight to a larger extent when compared with GA₃. An increase in the total chlorophyll content was recorded in ABA and GA₃ treatments. The chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, and carotenoids were increased by ABA and GA₃ treatments when compared with the control plants. The xanthophylls and anthocyanin content were increased with ABA and GA₃ treatments in A. paniculata plants.

Keywords

Andrographis paniculata / chlorophyll / growth / xanthophylls / anthocyanin / carotenoids

References

[1] Al-Khassawaneh N M, Karam N S, Shibli R A (2006). Growth and flowering of black iris (Iris nigricans Dinsm.) following treatment with plant growth regulators. Scientia Horticulturae, 107: 187–193

[2] Arnon D I (1949). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts polyphenol oxidase in Beta vulgaris L. Plant Physiol, 24: 1–15

[3] Asare-Boamah N K, Hofstra G, Fletcher R A, Dumbroff E B (1986). Triadimefon protects bean plants from water stress through its effects on ABA. Plant Cell Physiol, 27: 383–390

[4] Hopkins W G (1995). Introduction to plant physiology. New York: John Wiley Sons

[5] Izumi K, Kamiya Y, Sakurai A, Oshio H, Takahashi N (1985). Studies of sites of action of a new plant growth retardant (E)-1-(4 chlorophenayl)-4,-4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-penten-3-0 (S-3307) and comparative effect of its sterioisomers in a cell free system from Cucurbita maxima. Plant Cell Physiol, 26: 821–827

[6] Jaleel C A, Gopi R, Manivannan P, Sankar B, Kishorekumar A, Panneerselvam R (2007). Antioxidant potentials and ajmalicine accumulation in Catharanthus roseus after treatment with giberellic acid. Colloids Surf B-Biointerfaces, 60: 195–200

[7] Jia H S, Lu C M (2003). Effects of abscisic acid on photoinhibition in maize plants. Plant Science, 165: 1403–1410

[8] Jiang Y, Joyce D C (2003). ABA effects on ethylene production, PAL activity, anthocyanin and phenolic contents strawberry fruit. Plant Growth Regul, 39: 171–174

[9] Kieber J, Araki T (2006). Cell signalling and gene regulation. Curr Opin Plant Biol, 9: 445–447

[10] Kim H S, Mizuno K, Sawada S, Fujimura T (2002). Regulation of tuber formation and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) by nitrate, Plant Growth Regul, 37: 207–213

[11] Kirk J T O, Allen R L (1965). Dependence of chloroplast pigment synthesis on protein synthesis: Effect of acsidione. Biochem. Biophys Res Commun, 21: 530–532

[12] Leul M, Zhou W J (1998). Alleviation of waterlogging damage in winter rape by application of uniconazole: Effects on morphological characteristics, hormones and photosynthesis. Field Crops Res, 59: 121–127

[13] Mahouachi J, Gomez-Cadenas A, Primo-Millo E, Talon M (2005). Antagonistic changes between abscisic acid and gibberellins in citrus fruits subjected to a series of different water conditions. Plant Growth Regul, 24: 179–187

[14] Makoto M (2003). Gibberellin signaling: How do plant cell respond to GA signals. Plant Growth Regul, 22: 123–125

[15] Neogy M, Datta J K, Mukherji S, Roy A K (2001). Effect of aluminium on pigment content, hill activity and seed yield in mung bean. Indian J Plant Physiol, 6: 381–385

[16] Neumaier E E, Blessington T M, Price J A (1987). Effect of Gibberellic acid on flowering and quality of double Persian violet. Hort Sci, 22: 908–911

[17] Paroussi G, Voyiatzis D G, Paroussis E, Drogoudi P D (2002). Growth, flowering and yield responses to GA3 of strawberry grown under different environmental conditions. Sci Hort, 96: 103–113

[18] Srivastava N K, Srivastava A K (2007). Influence of gibberellic acid on ¹⁴CO₂ metabolism, growth, and production of alkaloids in Catharanthus roseus. Photosynthetica,45: 156–160

[19] Swain S M, Singh D P (2005). Tale tales from sly dwarves: novel functions of gibberllins in plant development. Trends Plant Sci, 10: 123–129

[20] Tehranifar A, Battey N H (1997). Comparison of the effects of GA₃ and chilling on vegetative vigour and fruit set in strawberry. Acta Hort, 409: 629–630

[21] Vlahos J C (1991). Growth and development in Achimenes cultivars. Wageningen University, The Netherlands Doctoral Dissertation, 132

[22] Zhang J, Jia W, Yang J, Ismail A M (2006). Role of ABA in integrating plant responses to drought and salt stresses. Field Crop Res, 97: 111–199

[23] Zhou L, Jang J C, Jones T L, Sheen J (1998). Glucose and ethylene translocation crosstalk revealed by an Arabidopsis glucose-insensitive mutant. Proc National Acad Sci, USA, 95: 10294–10299

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2014 Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg