Generation of runoff characteristics over three time periods for four typical forests in Jinyun Mountain, Chongqing City, southwest China

Abstract

In order to provide a basis for water conservation in the restoration of vegetation for an urban water resource area, we studied the generation of runoff characteristics in four typical forests over three time periods in Jinyun Mountain, Chongqing City, based on the observation data of rainfall and runoff processes during the period 2002-2005. The results show that: 1) Rainfall was distributed evenly during the years 2002-2005. Annual rainfall variability was 4.46% and coefficient of variation was 0.0618. Average monthly rainfall tended towards a normal distribution N (113.8, 4597²). 2) Both precipitation and runoff can be clearly divided into a dry and a wet season. The dry season was from October to March and the wet season from April to September. Most of annual runoff of the four forest stands occurred in the wet season. The surface runoff in the wet season accounted for more than 85% of the annual runoff, and more than 75% of underground runoff. 3) Both peak values of surface runoff and underground runoff occurred in June. The relation between monthly rainfall and surface/underground runoff was fitted by the model W=a{P}^{\mathrm{2}}+bP+c. The order of annual surface runoff was as follows: Phyllostachys pubescens forest > shrub forest > mixed Pinus massoniana-broadleaf forest > evergreen broad-leaved forest. The annual underground runoff was evergreen broad-leaved forest > mixed Pinus massoniana-broadleaf forest >Phyllostachys pubescens forest > shrub forest. 4) Under similar rainstorms events, the order of the surface runoff coefficient was: evergreen broad-leaved forest < mixed Pinus massoniana-broadleaf forest < shrub forest < Phyllostachys pubescens forest. The underground runoff coefficient was: evergreen broad-leaved forest > mixed Pinus massoniana-broadleaf forest >Phyllostachys pubescens forest > shrub forest. The relation between rainstorms and surface runoff was fitted by the linear relationship: Q=mp-n. Both mixed Pinus massoniana-broadleaf forest and evergreen broad-leaved forest have better flood regulation effects on an annual and monthly basis and per individual rainstorm. The function of Phyllostachys pubescens forest is the worst on all three bases.

Keywords

Jinyun Mountain / time periods / runoff characteristics

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Acknowledgements

This paper was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30671661), Key Project of State Forestry Administration (No. 2006BAD03A1802), “948” Project of State Forestry Administration (No. 2007-4-14), and Chinese Forest Ecosystem Research Network (CFERN): Yangtze River Three Gorges Reservoir Area (Chongqing ) Forestry Ecosystem Position Station.

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