Progress in research on ice accretions on overhead transmission lines and its influence on mechanical and insulating performance

Abstract

Atmospheric ice accretion on transmission lines is of great danger to the security of service of electrical power system. This paper reviews the progress in research dealing with the formation of ice accretions on transmission lines and the effects of ice on the mechanical and electrical performance of transmission lines. The results show that ice accretions on transmission lines can be categorized into five types: glaze, hard rime, soft rime, hoar frost, and snow and sleet. In all types of ice accretions, glaze grown in a wet regime is of the greatest danger to the transmission lines. Meteorological conditions, terrain and geographic conditions, and some other factors significantly influence the ice accumulation speed and the ice amount. Drastic decrease of mechanical property and electric property as a result of severe icing is the main reason for ice accidents. The amount of ice, the asymmetrical ice accretion, and the asynchronous ice shedding can considerably change the conductor strain, conductor sag, variation amount of the span, displacement of the insulator string, and the tension difference. The amount and type of ice, the uniformity of ice accumulation, and the conductivity of freezing water have significant influence on the flashover voltage of ice-covered insulators.

Key words： transmission lines; icing; mechanical performance; electrical performance

References

1 Jones K F. The effect of horizontal and torsional coupling on vertical galloping. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on the Atmospheric Icing of Structures. 1993, 143-148

2 Kiessling F, Ruhnau J. Ice loads on overhead power lines in Germany and their impact on reliability and design. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on the Atmospheric Icing of Structures. 1993, 127-132

3 Jiang X L, Yi H. Ice Accretion on Transmission Lines and Protection. Beijing: China Electric Power Press, 2002 (in Chinese)

4 Guo Y L, Li G X, You C Y. Galloping of Transmission Lines. Beijing: Electric Electric Power Press, 2003 (in Chinese)

5 Yao M S. Analysis of reasons for line breakage and tower collapse on Ge-shuang II transmission lines. Central China Electric Power, 1995, 8(4): 60-63 (in Chinese)

6 Wu X D, Xu T Y, Ai Z P. Ice failures of insulators on 500 kV transmission lines in a high-cold mountain area. Central China Electric Power, 2002, 28(7): 5-7 (in Chinese)

7 Li G X, Li D C. Prevention and study of conductor galloping on Zhongshankou large span. Hubei Electric Power, 1995, (1): 4-10 (in Chinese)

8 Huang J Y. Analysis and discussion on five conductors galloping on 500 kV Zhongshankou large span. Electric Power, 1990, (4): 14-20 (in Chinese)

9 Jiang X L, Shu L C, Sima W X, Xie S J, Hu Q. Chinese transmission line’s icing characteristics and analysis of severe ice accidents. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference. 2004, 921-926

10 Sun C X, Jiang X L, Shu L C, Lu Z, Chen M Y. AC flashover performance and mechanism of polluted and iced IEC standard suspension insulator string. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference. 2003, 409-415

11 Jiang X L, Sun C X, Shu L C, Sima W X. AC flashover performance and voltage of long polluted and iced XP-70 suspension insulator string. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials. 2003, 158-161

12 Sun C X, Jiang X L, Sima W X, Wu L H, Shu L C. Study of flashover performance and voltage correction of DC insulator in icing districts of altitude of 2500 m and below. In: Proceedings of 2002 International Conference on Power System Technology. 2002, 3: 1-5

13 Gu L G, Sun C X, Xie J, Zhang J H. AC flashover characteristics of EHV line insulators for high altitude contamination regions. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Properties Applications of Dielectric Materials. 1988, 1: 37-40

14 Farzaneh M, Kiernicki J. Flashover problems caused by ice build-up on insulators. IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 1995, 11(2): 5-17

15 Farzaneh M, Melo O T. Flashover performance of insulators in the presence of short icicles. International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering, 1994, 4(2): 112-118

16 Chisholm W A, Ringler K G, Erven C C, Green M A, Melo O, Tam Y, Nigol O, Kuffel J, Boyer A, Pavasars I K, Macedo F X, Sabiston J K, Caputo R B. The cold-fog test. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 1996, 11(4): 1874-1880

17 Charneski M D, Gaibrois G L, Whitney B F. Flashover tests on artificially iced insulators. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, 1982, PAS-101(8): 2429-2433

18 Kawai M. AC flashover test at project UHV on ice-coated insulators. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, 1970, PAS-89(8): 1800-1804

19 Schneider H M. Artificial ice tests on transmission line insulators - A progress report. In: Proceedings of IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting. 1975, 347-353

20 Kannus K, Lahti K. Electrical behavior of high voltage insulator strings under rime ice. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing Structures. 2000, 8

21 Matsuda H, Komuro H, Takasu K. Withstand voltage characteristics of insulator strings covered with snow or ice. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 1991, 6(3): 1243-1250

22 Fikke S M, Hanssen J E, Rolfseng L. Long range transported pollution and conductivity on atmospheric ice on insulators. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 1993, 8(3): 1311-1321

23 Melo O T, Tam Y T, Farzaneh M. Freezing rain and fog events in southern Ontario: Properties and effect on EHV transmission systems. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing of Structures. 1988, 70-75

24 Drapeau J F, Farzaneh M. Ice accumulation characteristics on Hydro-Quebec HV insulators. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing of Structures. 1993, 225-230

25 Jiang X L, Sun C X, Sima W X, Wang J H, Zhang C, Chen G Q. Study on AC flashover performance and process of iced 10 kV composite insulators. Proceedings of the Chinese Society for Electrical Engineering, 2002, 22(8): 58-61 (in Chinese)

26 Farzaneh M, Drapeau J F. AC flashover performance of insulators covered with artificial ice. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 1995, 10(2): 1038-1051

27 Farzaneh M, Kiernicki J. Flashover performance of IEEE standard insulators under ice conditions. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 1997, 12(4): 1602-1613

28 Farzaneh M. Effect of ice thickness and voltage polarity on the flashover voltage of ice-covered high-voltage insulators. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering. 1991, 4: 203-206

29 Farzaneh M, Laforte J L. Effect of voltage polarity on icicles grown on line insulators. International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering, 1992, 2(4): 241-246

30 Zhou Z M. Some suggestions on technical measures of preventing ice disaster on high voltage transmission lines in Qinghai. Qinghai Electric Power, 1997, (4): 5-9 (in Chinese)

31 Kuroiwa D. Icing and snow accretion on electric wires. Research Report 123. U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 1965, 1-10

32 Cherney E A. Flashover performance of artificially contaminated and iced long-rod transmission line insulators. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, 1980, PAS-99(1): 46-52

33 Chisholm W A, Tam Y T, Erven C C, Melo T O. 500 kV insulator performance under contamination ice, fog and rising temperature-operating experience and field studies. In: Proceedings of IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting. 1993, 1-8

34 Farzaneh M, Vovan M L. Ice accumulation on DC power transmission line insulators. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Atmospheric Icing of Structures. 1988, 301-304

35 Jiang X L. Study on mechanism of icing on transmission line conductor and regularity and influencing factors of icing in Three Gorges district. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Chongqing: Chongqing University, 1997 (in Chinese)

36 Qin D R. Analysis of the some problems about the ice accretions on transmission lines. Electric Power, 1965, (1): 26-27 (in Chinese)

37 Zhang Y, Chi Z X, Zhang G Y. Relationship between Daban mountain transmission line ice cover phenomenon and meteorological condition. Qinghai Electric Power, 2005, 24(1): 33-36 (in Chinese)

38 Wang S L. Study and analysis of the factors affecting wire ice coating. Power System Technology, 1994, 18(4): 18-24 (in Chinese)

39 Zhang M S. Similarities and differences between single conductor galloping and bundled conductor galloping. Hebei Electric Power, 1990, (1): 29-33 (in Chinese)

40 Shao T X. Mechanical Calculation of Electric Wires on Overhead Transmission Lines. Beijing: China Electric Power Press, 2003 (in Chinese)

41 Zhou Z S. Mechanical Computation of the HV Overhead Transmission Lines. Beijing: Water Conservancy and Electric Power Press, 1984 (in Chinese)

42 Phan C L, Matsuo H. Minimum flashover voltage of iced insulators. IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, 1983, EI-18(6): 605-618

43 Khalifa M M, Morris R M. Performance of line insulators under rime ice. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, 1967, PAS-86(6): 692-698

44 Fujimura T, Naito K, Hasegawa Y, Kawagushi K. Performance of insulators covered with snow or ice. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, 1979, PAS-98(5): 1621-1631

45 Kannus K, Verkkonen V. Effect of ice coating on the dielectric strength on high voltage insulators. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on the Atmospheric Icing of Structures. 1993, 296-300