Image adaptive RST invariant watermark using pseudo-Zernike moments

Abstract

Rotation, scaling and translation (RST) attacks can desynchronize watermark detection, which causes failure in many watermarking systems. In this paper, an image adaptive RST invariant watermark (AWPZM) is proposed by using the rotation invariant property of pseudo-Zernike moments (PZM) and odd-even quantization. PZM of the original image is computed first, and then those suitable for watermark generation are selected. Then, magnitudes of them are odd-even quantized to generate the watermark. In detection, a normalized hamming function is employed to determine the similarity of the watermark. Experimental results show its robustness to rotation and scaling. For traditional attacks, such as JPEG compression, added noise and filtering, the similarities are all above 0.95.

Keywords

information hiding, adaptive watermark, pseudo-Zernike moments (PZM), odd-even quantization