Heading toward Artificial Intelligence 2.0

Abstract

With the popularization of the Internet, permeation of sensor networks, emergence of big data, increase in size of the information community, and interlinking and fusion of data and information throughout human society, physical space, and cyberspace, the information environment related to the current development of artificial intelligence (AI) has profoundly changed. AI faces important adjustments, and scientific foundations are confronted with new breakthroughs, as AI enters a new stage: AI 2.0. This paper briefly reviews the 60-year developmental history of AI, analyzes the external environment promoting the formation of AI 2.0 along with changes in goals, and describes both the beginning of the technology and the core idea behind AI 2.0 development. Furthermore, based on combined social demands and the information environment that exists in relation to Chinese development, suggestions on the development of AI 2.0 are given.

Keywords

Artificial intelligence 2.0 / Big data / Crowd intelligence / Cross-media / Human-machine hybrid-augmented intelligence / Autonomous-intelligent system

References

[1] CB Insights. The race for AI: Google, Twitter, Intel, Apple in a rush to grab artificial intelligence startups [Internet]. New York: CB Insights. 2016 Dec 6 [cited 2016 Dec 10]. Available from: https://www.cbinsights.com/blog/top-acquirers-ai-startups-ma-timeline/.

[2] Ferrucci D, Levas A, Bagchi S, Gondek D, Mueller ET. Watson: beyond jeopardy! Artif Intell 2013;199– 200:93–105.

[3] Silver D, Huang A, Maddison CJ, Guez A, Sifre L, van den Driessche G, Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search. Nature 2016;529(7587):484–9.

[4] Cellan-Jones R. Stephen Hawking warns artificial intelligence could end mankind [Internet]. London: BBC News. 2014 Dec 2 [cited 2016 Nov 20]. Available from: http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-30290540.

[5] Gaudin S. Stephen Hawking fears robots could take over in 100 years [Internet]. Massachusetts: IDG Communications, Inc. 2015 May 14 [cited 2016 Nov 20]. Available from:http://www.computerworld.com/article/2922442/robotics/stephen-hawking-fears-robots-could-take-over-in-100-years.html.

[6] Bengio Y, Shladover SE, Russell S. The rise of AI. Sci Am 2016;314:44–5.

[7] Crevier D. AI: the tumultuous history of the search for artificial intelligence.New York: Basic Books, Inc.; 1993.

[8] Lighthill J. Artificial intelligence: a paper symposium.London: Science Research Council; 1973.

[9] Poli R, Healy M, Kameas A, editors. Theory and applications of ontology: computer applications.Berlin: Springer; 2010.

[10] Auer S, Bizer C, Kobilarov G, Lehmann J, Cyganiak R, Lves Z. DBpedia: a nucleus for a web of open data. In: Aberer K, Choi KS, Noy N, Allemang D, Lee K, Nixon L, et al., editors The semantic web. Berlin: Springer; 2007. p. 722–35.

[11] Bollacker K, Evans C, Paritosh P, Sturge T, Taylor J. Freebase: a collaboratively created graph database for structuring human knowledge. In: Proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data; 2008 Jun 9–12; Vancouver, Canada. 2008. p. 1247–50.

[12] The world factbook [Internet]. Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency. [cited 2016 Nov 20]. Available from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/.

[13] Moor JH, editor. The Turing test: the elusive standard of artificial intelligence. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2003.

[14] Mearian L. Google’s DeepMind A.I. can slash data center power use 40% [Internet]. Massachusetts: IDG Communications, Inc. 2016 Jul 20 [cited 2016 Nov 20]. Available from: http://www.computerworld.com/article/3098325/data-center/googles-deepmind-ai-can-slash-data-center-power-use-40.html.

[15] Michelucci P, Dickinson JL. The power of crowds. Science 2016;351(6268):32–3.

[16] Lee K. Crowd intelligence in EyeWire [Internet]. [cited 2016 Nov 20]. Available from: http://kisuklee.wdfiles.com/local--files/research/crowdintelligence_EyeWire.pdf.

[17] Cook G. Sebastian Seung’s quest to map the human brain. The New York Times [Internet]. 2015 Jan 8 [cited 2016 Nov 20]. Available from: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/11/magazine/sebastian-seungs-quest-to-map-the-human-brain.html.

[18] Yang Y, Zhuang YT, Wu F, Pan YH. Harmonizing hierarchical manifolds for multimedia document semantics understanding and cross-media retrieval. IEEE Trans Multimed 2008;10(3):437–46.

[19] Norvig P, Relman DA, Goldstein DB, Kammen DM, Weinberger DR, Aiello LC, 2020 visions. Nature 2010;463:26–32.

[20] Lazer D, Kennedy R, King G, Vespignani A. The parable of Google Flu: traps in big data analysis. Science 2014;343(6176):1203–5.

[21] Yao L, Torabi A, Cho K, Ballas N, Pal C, Larochelle H, Describing videos by exploiting temporal structure. In: ICCV 2015: Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision; 2015 Dec 7–13; Santiago, Chile. 2015. p. 4507–15.

[22] Yao L, Torabi A, Cho K, Ballas N, Pal C, Larochelle H, Video description generation incorporating spatio-temporal features and a soft-attention mechanism. Eprint Arxiv 2015:arXiv:1502.08029.

[23] McCartney M, Margaret McCartney: game on for Pokémon Go. Brit Med J 2016;354:i4306.

[24] The release of core data for Chinese internet economy in 2014: online advertising [Internet]. Shanghai: iResearch; c2002–16 [cited 2016 Nov 20]. Available from: http://news.iresearch.cn/zt/247057.shtml. Chinese.

[25] China Business Intelligence. Global and China speech recognition industry report, 2015–2020 [Internet]. 2016 Apr [cited 2016 Nov 20]. Report No.: ZLC030. Available from: http://www.researchinchina.com/Htmls/Report/2016/10246.html.

[26] OFweek. The sales of industrial robots in China reached 56,000 in 2014 [Internet]. Shenzhen: OFweek. 2015 Jul 27 [cited 2016 Nov 20]. Available from: http://en.ofweek.com/news/The-sales-of-industrial-robots-in-China-reached-56-000-in-2014-32517.

[27] Enjoy the intelligent cities: urban construction confronts both opportunities and challenges [Internet]. Nanjing: Nanjing Innovative Data Technologies, Inc.; c2013–16 [cited 2016 Nov 20]. Available from: http://www.smartcitychina.cn/MingJiaGuanDian/2014-12/3838.html. Chinese.

Acknowledgements

We would like to extend our thanks to Professor Kuangdi Xu and President Ji Zhou, without whom this work would not have been completed.

We are grateful to Professors Wei Li, Wen Gao, Nanning Zheng, Cheng Wu, Bohu Li, Zuoning Chen, Chun Chen, and Yueting Zhuang for many constructive conversations, which benefitted several aspects of this study.

We also wish to thank Professors Renhan Li, Fei Wu, and Siliang Tang for providing data that was used in this study.

Funding