Recent progress of interface modification of layered oxide cathode material for sodium-ion batteries

Abstract

With the advantages of similar theoretical basis to lithium batteries, relatively low budget and the abundance of sodium resources, sodium ion batteries (SIBs) are recognized as the most competitive alternative to lithium-ion batteries. Among various types of cathodes for SIBs, advantages of high theoretical capacity, nontoxic and facile synthesis are introduced for layered transition metal oxide cathodes and therefore they have attracted huge attention. Nevertheless, layered oxide cathodes suffer from various degradation issues. Among these issues, interface instability including surface residues, phase transitions, loss of active transition metal and oxygen loss takes up the major part of the degradation of layered oxides. These degradation mechanisms usually lead to irreversible structure collapse and cracking generation, which significantly influence the interface stability and electrochemical performance of layered cathodes. This review briefly introduces the background of researches on layered cathodes for SIBs and their basic structure types. Then the origins and effects on layered cathodes of degradation mechanisms are systematically concluded. Finally, we will summarize various interface modification methods including surface engineering, doping modification and electrolyte composition which are aimed to improve interface stability of layered cathodes, perspectives of future research on layered cathodes are mentioned to provide some theoretical proposals.

Keywords

interface modification / interface stability / layered oxides / sodium ion batteries / surface coating

References

[1] Hwang J-Y, Myung S-T, Sun Y-K. Sodium-ion batteries: present and future. Chem Soc Rev. 2017;46:3529.

[2] Kang Y-M, Cao A, Clement R, Chou S-L, Lee S-Y, Mao Z. Battery technology and sustainable energy storage and conversion as a new energy resource replacing fossil fuels. Bioprocess Eng. 2022;1:20220200.

[3] Hauer A. Advances in Energy Storage. Wiley, John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 2022.

[4] HPan H, Hu Y-S, Chen L. Room-temperature stationary sodium-ion batteries for large-scale electric energy storage. Energy Environ Sci. 2013;6(8):2338.

[5] Dunn B, Kamath H, Tarascon J-M. Electrical energy storage for the grid: a battery of choices. Science. 2011;334(6058):928-935.

[6] Xu L, Li J, Deng W, et al. Boosting the ionic conductivity of PEO electrolytes by waste eggshell-derived fillers for highperformance solid lithium/sodium batteries. Mater. Chem. Front. 2021;5(3):1315-1323.

[7] Bin D, Wang F, Tamirat AG, et al. Progress in aqueous rechargeable sodium-ion batteries. Adv Energy Mater. 2018;8(17):1703008.

[8] Li X, Zhang L, Liu H, Li Q, Hou Y. Magnetic measurements applied to energy storage. Adv Energy Mater. 2023;13(24):2300927.

[9] Li H-W, Wang RY, Pasta M, Woo Lee S, Liu N, Cui Y. Manganese hexacyanomanganate open framework as a high-capacity positive electrode material for sodium-ion batteries. Nat Commun. 2014;5(1):5280.

[10] Payandeh S, Strauss F, Mazilkin A, Kondrakov A, Brezesinski T. Tailoring the LiNbO₃coating of Ni-rich cathode materials for stable and high-performance all-solid-state batteries. Nano Res. Energy. 2022;1:e9120016.

[11] Yin Y-X, Xin S, Guo Y-G, Wan L-J. Lithium–sulfur batteries: electrochemistry, materials, and prospects. Angew Chem, Int Ed. 2013;52(50):13186-13200.

[12] Bruce PG, Freunberger SA, Hardwick LJ, Tarascon J-M. Li–O₂ and Li–S batteries with high energy storage. Nat Mater. 2012;11(1):19-29.

[13] Yang Q, Zhang Z, Sun X.-G, Hu Y-S, Xing H, Dai S. Ionic liquids and derived materials for lithium and sodium batteries. Chem Soc Rev. 2018;47(6):2020-2064.

[14] Qian J, Wu C, Cao Y, et al. Sodium-ion batteries: Prussian blue cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries and other ion batteries. Adv Energy Mater. 2018;8(17):1702619.

[15] Tan S, Yang H, Zhang Z, et al. The progress of hard carbon as an anode material in sodium-ion batteries. Molecules. 2023;28:28073134.

[16] Xiang X, Zhang K, Chen J. Recent advances and prospects of cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries. Adv Mater. 2015;27(36):5343-5364.

[17] Fang C, Huang Y, Zhang W, et al. Routes to high energy cathodes of sodium-ion batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 2016;17(5):1501727.

[18] Peng C, Xu X, Li F, et al. Research development on sodiumion batteries. Small. Struct. 2023;4:2300150.

[19] Liang X, Hwang J-Y, Sun Y-K. Recent developments of layered transition metal oxide cathodes for sodium-ion batteries toward desired high performance. Adv Energy Mater. 2023;13:2301975.

[20] Yabuuchi N, Kubota K, Dahbi M, Komaba S. Layered oxide cathode-electrolyte interface towards Na-ion batteries: advances and perspectives. Chem Rev. 2014;114:11636.

[21] Fang C, Huang Y, Zhang W, et al. Recent progress of promising cathode candidates for sodium-ion batteries: current issues, strategy, challenge, and prospects. Adv Energy Mater. 2016;6:1501727.

[22] Liang X, Hwang J-Y, Sun Y-K. Practical cathodes for sodiumion batteries: who will take the crown? Adv Energy Mater. 2023;13:2301975.

[23] Zhang K, Kim D, Hu Z, et al. Manganese based layered oxides with modulated electronic and thermodynamic properties for sodium ion batteries. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):5203.

[24] Xiao Y, Abbasi NM, Zhu Y-F, et al. Layered oxide cathodes promoted by structure modulation technology for sodiumion batteries. Adv Funct Mater. 2020;30:2001334.

[25] Wang C, Liu L, Zhao S, et al. Tuning local chemistry of P2 layered-oxide cathode for high energy and long cycles of sodium-ion battery. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):2256.

[26] Wang Y, Ding Y, Pan L, et al. Understanding the sizedependent sodium storage properties of Na₂C₆O₆-based organic electrodes for sodium-ion batteries. Nano Lett. 2016;16(5):3329-3334.

[27] Guo S, Yi J, Sun Y, Zhou H. Recent advances in titaniumbased electrode materials for stationary sodium-ion batteries. Energ Environ Sci. 2016;9(10):2978-3006.

[28] Ni Q, Bai Y, Wu F, Wu C. Energy storage: polyanion-type electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries. Adv Sci. 2017;4(3):1600275.

[29] Wang P-F, Xin H, Zuo T-T, et al. An abnormal 3.7 Volt O3-type sodium-ion battery cathode. Angew Chem, Int Ed. 2018;57(27):8178-8183.

[30] Li J, Hu H, Wang J, Xiao Y. Surface chemistry engineering of layered oxide cathodes for sodium-ion batteries. Carbon Neut. 2022;1(2):96-116.

[31] Liu S, Wan J, Ou M, et al. Regulating Na occupation in P2-type layered oxide cathode for all-climate sodium-ion batteries. Adv Energy Mater. 2023;13(11):2203521.

[32] Xu W, Dang R, Zhou L, et al. Conversion of surface residual alkali to solid electrolyte to enable na-ion full cells with robust interfaces. Adv Mater. 2023:2301314.

[33] Liu Y-F, Han K, Peng D-N, et al. Layered oxide cathodes for sodium-ion batteries: from air stability, interface chemistry to phase transition. InfoMat. 2023;5(6):e12422.

[34] Kubota K, Yabuuchi N, Yoshida H, Dahbi M, Komaba S. Layered oxides as positive electrode materials for Na-ion batteries. MRS Bull. 2014;39(5):416-422.

[35] Wang P-F, You Y, Yin Y-X, Guo Y-G. Layered oxide cathodes for sodium-ion batteries: phase transition, air stability, and performance. Adv Energy Mater. 2018;8:1701912.

[36] Xu G-L, Amine R, Xu Y-F, et al. Insights into the structural effects of layered cathode materials for high voltage sodiumion batteries. Energ Environ Sci. 2017;10(7):1677-1693.

[37] Sun Y, Yu Z, Chen Z, et al. One-dimensional channel to trigger high-performance sodium-ion battery via doping engineering. Nano Energy. 2021;84:105875.

[38] Delmas C, Fouassier C, Hagenmuller P. Structural classification and properties of the layered oxides. Physica. B. 1980;99(1-4):81-85.

[39] Komaba S, Yabuuchi N, Nakayama T, Ogata A, Ishikawa T, Nakai I. Study on the reversible electrode reaction of Na_1–xNi_0.5Mn_0.5O₂ for a rechargeable sodium-ion battery. Inorg Chem. 2012;51(11):6211-6220.

[40] Duffort V, Talaie E, Black R, Nazar LF. Uptake of CO₂ in layered P2-Na_0.67Mn_0.5Fe_0.5O₂: insertion of carbonate anions. Chem Mater. 2015;27(7):2515-2524.

[41] Yang Y, Feng Y, Chen Z, et al. Strain engineering by atomic lattice locking in P2-type layered oxide cathode for high-voltage sodium-ion batteries. Nano Energy. 2020;76:105061.

[42] Mortemard de Boisse B, Carlier D, Guignard M, Bourgeois L, Delmas C. P2-Na_xMn_1/2Fe_1/2O₂ phase used as positive electrode in Na batteries: structural changes induced by the electrochemical (De)intercalation process. Inorg Chem. 2014;53(20):11197-11205.

[43] Yu T-Y, Ryu H-H, Han G, Sun Y-K. Sodium-ion batteries: understanding the capacity fading mechanisms of O3-type Na[Ni_0.5Mn_0.5]O₂ cathode for sodium-ion batteries. Adv Energy Mater. 2020;10(37):2001609.

[44] Sathiya M, Jacquet Q, Doublet M.-L, Karakulina OM, Hadermann J, Tarascon J. A chemical approach to raise cell voltage and suppress phase transition in O3 sodium layered oxide electrodes. Adv Energy Mater. 2018;8(11):1702599.

[45] Vinckevičiūtė J, Radin MD, van der Ven A. Stacking-sequence changes and Na ordering in layered intercalation materials. Chem Mater. 2016;28(23):8640-8650.

[46] Didier C, Guignard M, Suchomel MR, Carlier D, Darriet J, Delmas C. Thermally and electrochemically driven topotactical transformations in sodium layered oxides Na_xVO₂. Chem Mater. 2016;28(5):1462-1471.

[47] Zhang L, Wang J, Li J, et al. Preferential occupation of Na in P3-type layered cathode material for sodium ion batteries. Nano Energy. 2020;70:104535.

[48] You Y, Dolocan A, Li W, Manthiram A. Understanding the air-exposure degradation chemistry at a nanoscale of layered oxide cathodes for sodium-ion batteries. Nano. Lett. 2019;19(1):182-188.

[49] Seong WM, Kim Y, Manthiram A. Impact of residual lithium on the adoption of high-nickel layered oxide cathodes for lithium-ion batteries. Chem Mater. 2020;32:9479.

[50] Liao Y, Li J, Deng B, et al. Surface modification of Li_1.144Ni_0.136CO_0.136Mn_0.544O₂ by hybrid protection layer with enhanced rate capability. Energy Technol-Ger. 2020;8:1901133.

[51] Song L, Tang F, Xiao Z, Cao Z, Zhu H, Li A. Enhanced electrochemical properties of polyaniline-coated Lini_0.8-CO_0.1Mn_0.1O₂ cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. J Electron Mater. 2018;47:5896.

[52] Xu C, Cai H, Chen Q, Kong X, Pan H, Hu Y-S. Origin of airstability for transition metal oxide cathodes in sodium-ion batteries. Acs. Appl. Mater Inter. 2022;14:5338.

[53] Cabana J, Chernova NA, Xiao J, et al. Study of the transition metal ordering in layered Na_xNi_x/2Mn_1–x/2O₂ (2/3 ≤x ≤1) and consequences of Na/Li exchange. Inorg Chem. 2013;52:8540.

[54] Liu Z, Liu J. Structural evolution in P2-type layered oxide cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries. Chem Nano Mat. 2022;8:e202100385.

[55] Wang P-F, You Y, Yin Y-X, et al. Suppressing the P2–O₂ phase transition of Na_0.67Mn_0.67Ni_0.33O₂ by magnesium substitution for improved sodium-ion batteries. Angew Chem, Int Ed. 2016;55:7445.

[56] Tournadre F, Croguennec L, Willmann P, Delmas C. On the mechanism of the P2–Na_0.70CoO₂→O₂–LiCoO₂ exchange reaction—Part II: an in situ X-ray diffraction study. J Solid State Chem. 2004;177:2803.

[57] Wang K, Yan P, Sui M. Phase transition induced cracking plaguing layered cathode for sodium-ion battery. Nano Energy. 2018;54:148.

[58] Xu J, Han Z, Jiang K, et al. suppressing cation migration and reducing particle cracks in a layered Fe-based cathode for advanced sodium-ion batteries. Small. 2020;16:1904388.

[59] Lamb J, Stokes L, Manthiram A. Delineating the capacity fading mechanisms of Na(Ni_0.3Fe_0.4Mn_0.3)O₂ at higher operating voltages in sodium-ion cells. Chem Mater. 2020;32:7389.

[60] Eshetu GG, Elia GA, Armand M, et al. Electrolytes and interphases in sodium-based rechargeable batteries: recent advances and perspectives. Adv Energy Mater. 2020;10:2000093.

[61] Mauger A, Julien CM, Paolella A, Armand M, Zaghib K. A comprehensive review of lithium salts and beyond for rechargeable batteries: progress and perspectives. Math Sci EngR. 2018;134:1.

[62] Aladinli S, Dordet F, Ahlbrecht K, Tubke J, Holzapfel M. Anion intercalation into a graphite cathode from various sodium-based electrolyte mixtures for dual-ion battery applications. Electrochim Acta. 2017;231:468.

[63] Ponrouch A, Dedryvère R, Monti D, et al. Towards high energy density sodium ion batteries through electrolyte optimization. Energ Environ Sci. 2013;6:2361.

[64] Wang C, Wang K, Ren M, et al. Interfacial chemistry enables highly reversible Na extraction/intercalation in layered-oxide cathode materials. Chin J Chem. 2023;41:1791.

[65] Yang H, Zhuang GV, Ross PN. Thermal stability of LiPF₆ salt and Li-ion battery electrolytes containing LiPF₆. J Power Sources. 2006;161:573.

[66] Kawamura T, Okada S, Yamaki J-i. Decomposition reaction of LiPF₆-based electrolytes for lithium ion cells. J Power Sources. 2006;156:547.

[67] Okamoto Y. Ab initio calculations of thermal decomposition mechanism of LiPF₆-based electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries. J Electrochem Soc. 2013;160:A404.

[68] Liang X, Sun Y-K. A novel pentanary metal oxide cathode with P2/O3 biphasic structure for high-performance sodiumion batteries. Adv Funct Mater. 2022;32:2206154.

[69] Joshi T, Eom K, Yushi G, Fuller TF. Effects of dissolved transition metals on the electrochemical performance and SEI growth in lithium-ion batteries. J Electrochem Soc. 2014;161:A1915.

[70] Komaba S, Kumagai N, Kataoka Y. Influence of manganese (II), cobalt(II), and nickel(II) additives in electrolyte on performance of graphite anode for lithium-ion batteries. Electrochim Acta. 2002;47:1229.

[71] Tsunekawa H, Tanimoto S, Marubayashi R, Fujita M, Kifune K, Sano M. Capacity fading of graphite electrodes due to the deposition of manganese ions on them in Li-ion batteries. J Electrochem Soc. 2002;149:A1326.

[72] Komaba S, Itabashi T, Ohtsuka T, et al. Impact of 2-vinylpyridine as electrolyte additive on surface and electrochemistry of graphite forC/LiMn₂O₄ Li-ion cells. J Electrochem Soc. 2005;152:A937.

[73] Zheng H, Sun Q, Liu G, Song X, Battaglia VS. Correlation between dissolution behavior and electrochemical cycling performance for LiNi_1/3CO_1/3Mn_1/3O₂-based cells. J Power Sources. 2012;207:134.

[74] Wang L-F, Ou C-C, Striebel KA, Chen J-S. Study of Mn dissolution from LiMn₂O₄ spinel electrodes using rotating ring-disk collection experiments. J Electrochem Soc. 2003;150:A905.

[75] Choi W, Manthiram A. Comparison of metal ion dissolutions from lithium ion battery cathodes. J Electrochem Soc. 2006;153:A1760.

[76] Rashid M, Gupta A. Mathematical model for combined effect of SEI formation and gas evolution in Li-ion batteries. ECS Electrochem Lett. 2014;3:A95.

[77] Seo JH, Park J, Plett G, Sastry AM. Gas-evolution induced volume fraction changes and their effect on the performance degradation of li-ion batteries. Electrochem Solid St. 2010;13:A135.

[78] Shin J-S, Han C-H, Jung U-H, Lee S-I, Kim H-J, Kim K. Effect of Li₂CO₃ additive on gas generation in lithium-ion batteries. J Power Sources. 2002;109:47.

[79] Zhang L, Tsolakidou C, Mariyappan S, Tarascon J-M, Trabesinger S. Unraveling gas evolution in sodium batteries by online electrochemical mass spectrometry. Energy Storage Mater. 2021;42:12.

[80] Freiberg ATS, Sicklinger J, Solchenbach S, Gasteiger HA. Li₂CO₃ decomposition in Li-ion batteries induced by the electrochemical oxidation of the electrolyte and of electrolyte impurities. Electrochim Acta. 2020;346:136271.

[81] Papp JK, Li N, Kaufman LA, et al. A comparison of high voltage outgassing of LiCoO₂, LiNiO₂, and Li₂MnO₃ layered Li-ion cathode materials. Electrochim Acta. 2021;368:137505.

[82] Lee S, Doo SW, Jung MS, Lim SG, Kim K, Lee KT. Direct observation of the in-plane crack formation of O₃-Na_0.8Mg_0.2Fe_0.4Mn_0.4O₂ due to oxygen gas evolution for Naion batteries. J Mater Chem A. 2021;9:14074.

[83] Zhang H, May BM, Omenya F, Whittingham MS, Cabana J, Zhou G. Layered oxide cathodes for Li-ion batteries: oxygen loss and vacancy evolution. Chem Mater. 2019;31:7790.

[84] Zhang H, Liu H, Piper LFJ, Whittingham MS, Zhou G. Oxygen loss in layered oxide cathodes for Li-ion batteries: mechanisms, effects, and mitigation. Chem Rev. 2022;122:5641.

[85] Wandt J, Freiberg ATS, Ogrodnik A, Gasteiger HA. Singlet oxygen evolution from layered transition metal oxide cathode materials and its implications for lithium-ion batteries. Mater Today. 2018;21:825.

[86] Arora P, White RE, Doyle M. Capacity fade mechanisms and side reactions in lithium-ion batteries. J Electrochem Soc. 1998;145:3647.

[87] Li L, Chen Z, Zhang Q, et al. A hydrolysis-hydrothermal route for the synthesis of ultrathin LiAlO₂-inlaid LiNi_0.5-CO_0.2Mn_0.3O₂ as a high-performance cathode material for lithium ion batteries. J Mater Chem A. 2015;3:894.

[88] Carroll KJ, Qian D, Fell C, et al. Probing the electrode/electrolyte interface in the lithium excess layered oxide Li_1.2Ni_0.2Mn_0.6O₂. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2013;15:11128.

[89] Haregewoin AM, Wotango AS, Hwang B-J. Electrolyte additives for lithium ion battery electrodes: progress and perspectives. Energ Environ Sci. 2016;9:1955.

[90] Li Q, Liang Q, Zhang H, et al. Unveiling the high-valence oxygen degradation across the delithiated cathode surface. Angew Chem, Int Ed. 2023;62:e202215131.

[91] Zhang H, Omenya F, Yan P, et al. Rock-salt growth-induced (003) cracking in a layered positive electrode for Li-ion batteries. ACS Energy Lett. 2017;2:2607.

[92] Pang S, Zhu M, Xu K, et al. Enhanced electrochemical performance of Li_1.2Mn_0.54Ni_0.13CO_0.13O₂ via L-ascorbic acidbased treatment as cathode material for Li-ion batteries. J Electrochem Soc. 2018;165:A1897.

[93] Chen Z, Qin Y, Amine K, Sun YK. Role of surface coating on cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. J Mater Chem. 2010;20:7606.

[94] Bao W, Qian G, Zhao L, et al. Simultaneous enhancement of interfacial stability and kinetics of single-crystal LiNi_0.6Mn_0.2CO_0.2O₂ through optimized surface coating and doping. Nano Lett. 2020;20:8832.

[95] Liu Y, Fang X, Zhang A, et al. Layered P2-Na_2/3[Ni_1/3Mn_2/3]O₂ as high-voltage cathode for sodium-ion batteries: The capacity decay mechanism and Al₂O₃ surface modification. Nano Energy. 2016;27:27.

[96] Kaliyappan K, Liu J, Lushington A, Li R, Sun X. Highly stable Na_2/3(Mn_0.54Ni_0.13CO_0.13)O₂ cathode modified by atomic layer deposition for sodium-ion batteries. Chem Sus Chem. 2015;8:2537.

[97] Kong W, Wang H, Sun L, Su C, Liu X. Understanding the synergic roles of MgO coating on the cycling and rate performance of Na_0.67Mn_0.5Fe_0.5O₂ cathode. Appl Surf Sci. 2019;497:143814.

[98] Bao S, Luo S-H, Lu J-L. Preparation and optimization of ZrO₂ modified P2-type Na_2/3Ni_1/6CO_1/6Mn_2/3O₂ with enhanced electrochemical performance as cathode for sodium ion batteries. Ceram Int. 2020;46:16080.

[99] Kaliyappan K, Liu J, Xiao B, et al. Enhanced performance of P2-Na_0.66(Mn_0.54CO_0.13Ni_0.13)O₂ cathode for sodium-ion batteries by ultrathin metal oxide coatings via atomic layer deposition. Adv Funct Mater. 2017;27:1701870.

[100] Joshua JR, Lee YS, Maiyalagan T, Nallamuthu N, Yuvraj P, Sivakumar N. Na_0.4(Mn_0.33CO_0.33Ni_0.33)O₂ surface grafted with SnO nanorods: a cathode materials for rechargeable sodium ion batteries. J Electroanal Chem. 2020;856:113633.

[101] Yang Y, Dang R, Wu K, et al. Semiconductor material ZnOcoated P2-Type Na_2/3Ni_1/3Mn_2/3O₂ cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries with superior electrochemical performance. J Phys Chem C. 2020;124:1780.

[102] Yu Y, Kong W, Li Q, et al. Understanding the multiple effects of TiO₂ coating on NaMn_0.33Fe_0.33Ni_0.33O₂ cathode material for Na-ion batteries. ACS Appl Energy Mater. 2020;3:933.

[103] Meng X, Yang X-Q, Sun X. Emerging applications of atomic layer deposition for lithium-ion battery studies. Adv Mater. 2012;24:3589.

[104] Zhang Y, Liu L, Jamil S, et al. Al₂O₃ coated Na_0.44MnO₂ as high-voltage cathode for sodium ion batteries. Appl Surf Sci. 2019;494:1156.

[105] Han X, Liu Y, Jia Z, et al. Atomic-layer-deposition oxide nanoglue for sodium ion batteries. Nano Lett. 2014;14:139.

[106] Jo JH, Choi JU, Konarov A, et al. Sodium-ion batteries: building effective layered cathode materials with long-term cycling by modifying the surface via sodium phosphate. Adv Funct Mater. 2018;28:1705968.

[107] Vinayan BP, Ramaprabhu S. Facile synthesis of SnO₂ nanoparticles dispersed nitrogen doped graphene anode material for ultrahigh capacity lithium ion battery applications. J Mater Chem A. 2013;1:3865.

[108] Qi X, Wang W, Hu Y-S, Zhang Q. Surface modification research of layered oxide materials for sodium-ion batteries. Energy Storage Sci Tech. 2020;9:1396. https://esst.cip.com.cn/article/2020/2095-4239/2095-4239-2020-9-5-1396.shtml

[109] Deng Q, Zheng F, Zhong W, et al. Nanoscale surface modification of P2-type Na_0.65[Mn_0.70Ni_0.16CO_0.14]O₂ cathode material for high-performance sodium-ion batteries. Chem Eng J. 2021;404:126446.

[110] Jo C-H, Jo J-H, Yashiro H, Kim S-J, Sun Y-K, Myung S-T. Bioinspired surface layer for the cathode material of high-energy-density sodium-ion batteries. Adv Energy Mater. 2018;8:1702942.

[111] Li Z, Young D, Xiang K, Carter WC, Chiang Y-M. Towards high power high energy aqueous sodium-ion batteries: The NaTi₂(PO₄)₃/Na_0.44MnO₂ system. Adv Energy Mater. 2013;3:290.

[112] Liu X, Li H, Yoo E, Ishida M, Zhou H. Fabrication of FePO₄ layer coated LiNi_1/3CO_1/3Mn_1/3O₂: Towards high-performance cathode materials for lithium ion batteries. Electrochim Acta. 2012;83:253.

[113] Wang Y, Tang K, Li X, et al. Improved cycle and air stability of P3-Na_0.65Mn_0.75Ni_0.25O₂ electrode for sodium-ion batteries coated with metal phosphates. Chem Eng J. 2019;372:1066.

[114] Li N, Ren J, Dang R, et al. Suppressing phase transition and improving electrochemical performances of O₃-NaNi_1/3Mn_1/3Fe_1/3O₂ through ionic conductive Na₂SiO₃ coating. J Power Sources. 2019;429:38.

[115] Rim Y-H, Kim M, Kim JE, Yang YS. Ionic transport in mixedalkali glasses: hop through the distinctly different conduction pathways of low dimensionality. New J Phys. 2013;15:023005.

[116] Dang R, Chen M, Li Q, et al. Na⁺-conductive Na₂Ti₃O₇-modified P2-type Na_2/3Ni_1/3Mn_2/3O₂ via a smart in situ coating approach: suppressing Na⁺/vacancy ordering and P2–O2 phase transition. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2019;11:856.

[117] Sun Y-K, Lee M-J, Yoon CS, Hassoun J, Amine K, Scrosati B. The role of AlF₃ coatings in improving electrochemical cycling of Li-enriched nickel-manganese oxide electrodes for Li-ion batteries. Adv Mater. 2012;24:1192.

[118] Sun H-H, Hwang J-Y, Yoon CS, Heller A, Mullins CB. Capacity degradation mechanism and cycling stability enhancement of AlF₃-coated nanorod gradient Na[Ni_0.65CO_0.08Mn_0.27]O₂ cathode for sodium-ion batteries. ACS Nano. 2018;12:12912.

[119] Yuan S, Qi J, Jiang M, et al. Improved cycling performance of P2-Na_0.67Ni_0.33Mn_0.67O₂ based on Sn substitution combined with polypyrrole coating. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2021;13:3793.

[120] Zhang F, Liao J, Xu L, Wu W, Wu X. Stabilizing P2-Type Ni–Mn oxides as high-voltage cathodes by a doping-integrated coating strategy based on zinc for sodium-ion batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2021;13:40695.

[121] Li Y, Shi Q, Yin X, et al. Construction nasicon-type NaTi₂(PO₄)₃ nanoshell on the surface of P2-type Na_0.67CO_0.2Mn_0.8O₂ cathode for superior room/low-temperature sodium storage. Chem Eng J. 2020;402:126181.

[122] Kaliyappan K, Li G, Yang L, Bai Z, Chen Z. An ion conductive polyimide encapsulation: new insight and significant performance enhancement of sodium based P2 layered cathodes. Energy Storage Mater. 2019;22:168.

[123] Zhuang Y, Zhao J, Zhao Y, Zhu X, Xia H. Carbon-coated single crystal O3-NaFeO₂ nanoflakes prepared via topochemical reaction for sodium-ion batteries. Sustain Mater Techno. 2021;28:e00258.

[124] Jiang K-C, Xin S, Lee J-S, Kim J, Xiao X-L, Guo Y-G. Improved kinetics of LiNi_1/3Mn_1/3CO_1/3O₂ cathode material through reduced graphene oxide networks. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2012;14:2934.

[125] Yu T-Y, Hwang J-Y, Bae IT, Jung H-G, Sun Y-K. High-performance Ti-doped O3-type Na[Ti_x(Ni_0.6CO_0.2Mn_0.2)_1-x]O₂ cathodes for practical sodium-ion batteries. J Power Sources. 2019;422:1.

[126] Zhou C, Yang L, Zhou C, et al. Fluorine-substituted O3-type NaNi_0.4Mn_0.25Ti_0.3CO_0.05O_2−xF_x cathode with improved rate capability and cyclic stability for sodium-ion storage at high voltage. J Energy Chem. 2021;60:341.

[127] Zhang C, Gao R, Zheng L, Hao Y, Liu X. New insights into the roles of Mg in improving the rate capability and cycling stability of O3-NaMn_0.48Ni_0.2Fe_0.3Mg_0.02O₂ for sodium-ion batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2018;10:10819.

[128] Shi Q, Qi R, Feng X, et al. Niobium-doped layered cathode material for high-power and low-temperature sodium-ion batteries. Nat Commun. 2022;13:3205.

[129] Yan Z, Tang L, Huang Y, et al. A hydrostable cathode material based on the layered P2@P3 composite that shows redox behavior for copper in high-rate and long-cycling sodiumion batteries. Angew Chem, Int Ed. 2019;58:1412.

[130] Wei T-T, Zhang N, Zhao Y-S, Zhu Y-R, Yi T-F. Sodium-deficient O3–Na_0.75Fe_0.5-xCu_xMn_0.5O₂ as high-performance cathode materials of sodium-ion batteries. Compos Part BEng. 2022;238:109912.

[131] Jin T, Wang P-F, Wang Q-C, et al. Realizing complete solidsolution reaction in high sodium content P2-type cathode for high-performance sodium-ion batteries. Angew Chem, Int Ed. 2020;59:14511.

[132] Oh S-M, Myung S-T, Hwang J-Y, Scrosati B, Amine K, Sun YK. High capacity O3-type Na[Li_0.05(Ni_0.25Fe_0.25Mn_0.5)0.95]O₂ cathode for sodium ion batteries. Chem Mater. 2014;26:6165.

[133] Yuan T, Li S, Sun Y, et al. A high-rate, durable cathode for sodium-ion batteries: Sb-doped O3-type Ni/Mn-based layered oxides. ACS Nano. 2022;16:18058.

[134] Wei T-T, Liu X, Yang S-J, Wang P-F, Yi T-F. Regulating the electrochemical activity of Fe-Mn-Cu-based layer oxides as cathode materials for high-performance Na-ion battery. J Energy Chem. 2023;80:603.

[135] Guo Y-J, Wang P-F, Niu Y-B, et al. Boron-doped sodium layered oxide for reversible oxygen redox reaction in Na-ion battery cathodes. Nat Commun. 2021;12:5267.

[136] Wei T-T, Li Y, Chen Y-H, Wang P-F, Xie Y, Yi T-F. Synergistic activation of anionic redox through substitution strategy to design low-cost Co/Ni-free layered oxide cathode materials for high-performance Na-ion batteries. Chem Eng J. 2023;473:145844.

[137] Zhu L, Liu Y, Wu W, Wu X, Tang W, Wu Y. Surface fluorinated LiNi_0.8CO_0.15Al_0.05O₂ as a positive electrode material for lithium ion batteries. J Mater Chem A. 2015;3:15156.

[138] Shi W-J, Yan Y-W, Chi C, et al. Fluorine anion doped Na_0.44MnO₂ with layer-tunnel hybrid structure as advanced cathode for sodium ion batteries. J Power Sources. 2019;427:129.

[139] Fan J-J, Dai P, Shi C-G, et al. Synergistic dual-additive electrolyte for interphase modification to boost cyclability of layered cathode for sodium ion batteries. Adv Funct Mater. 2021;31:2010500.

[140] Mu L, Feng X, Kou R, et al. Deciphering the cathode–electrolyte interfacial chemistry in sodium layered cathode materials. Adv Energy Mater. 2018;8:1801975.

[141] Li J, Wang J, He X, et al. P2-Type Na_0.67Mn_0.8Cu_0.1Mg_0.1O₂ as a new cathode material for sodium-ion batteries: Insights of the synergetic effects of multi-metal substitution and electrolyte optimization. J Power Sources. 2019;416:184.

[142] Fernández-Ropero AJ, Zarrabeitia M, Baraldi G, et al. Improved sodiation additive and its nuances in the performance enhancement of sodium-ion batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2021;13:11814.

[143] Do MP, Bucher N, Nagasubramanian A, et al. Effect of conducting salts in ionic liquid electrolytes for enhanced cyclability of sodium-ion batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2019;11:23972.

[144] Song X, Meng T, Deng Y, et al. The effects of the functional electrolyte additive on the cathode material Na_0.76Ni_0.3-Fe_0.4Mn_0.3O₂ for sodium-ion batteries. Electrochim Acta. 2018;281:370.

[145] Song J, Wang K, Zheng J, et al. Controlling surface phase transition and chemical reactivity of O3-layered metal oxide cathodes for high-performance Na-ion batteries. ACS Energy Lett. 2020;5:1718.

[146] Li Z, Tan X, Li P, et al. Coupling in situ TEM and ex situ analysis to understand heterogeneous sodiation of antimony. Nano Lett. 2015;15:6339.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2024 2024 The Authors. Electron published by Harbin Institute of Technology and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.