Ion migration in 3D metal halide perovskite field effect transistors

Abstract

3D perovskite materials are advancing rapidly in the field of photovoltaics and light-emitting diodes, but the development in field effect transistors (FETs) is limited due to their intrinsic ion migration. Ion migration in perovskite FETs can screen the electric field of the gate and affect its modulation, as well as influence the charge carriers transport, leading to non-ideal device characteristics and lower device stability. Here, we provide a concise review that explains the mechanism of ion migration, summarizes the strategies for suppressing ion migration, and concludes with a discussion of the future prospects for 3D perovskite FETs.

Keywords

3D metal halide perovskite / field effect transistors / ion migration

References

[1] Lin K, Xing J, Quan LN, et al. Perovskite light-emitting diodes with external quantum efficiency exceeding 20 per cent. Nature. 2018;562:245.

[2] Rong Y, Hu Y, Mei A, et al. Challenges for commercializing perovskite solar cells. Science. 2018;361(6408):361.

[3] Kim JY, Lee JW, Jung HS, Shin H, Park NG. High-efficiency perovskite solar cells. Chem Rev. 2020;120(15):7867-7918.

[4] Green MA, Ho-Baillie A, Snaith HJ. The emergence of perovskite solar cells. Nat Photon. 2014;8(7):506-514.

[5] Ma D, Lin K, Dong Y, et al. Distribution control enables efficient reduced-dimensional perovskite LEDs. Nature. 2021;599(7886):594-598.

[6] Saidaminov MI, Abdelhady AL, Murali B, et al. High-quality bulk hybrid perovskite single crystals within minutes by inverse temperature crystallization. Nat Commun. 2015;6(1):7586.

[7] Chen Y, Yi HT, Wu X, et al. Extended carrier lifetimes and diffusion in hybrid perovskites revealed by hall effect and photoconductivity measurements. Nat Commun. 2016;7(1):12253.

[8] Kim H, Hunger J, Canovas E, et al. Direct observation of mode-specific phonon-band gap coupling in methylammonium lead halide perovskites. Nat Commun. 2017;8(1):687.

[9] Herz LM. Charge-carrier mobilities in metal halide perovskites: fundamental mechanisms and limits. ACS Energy Lett. 2017;2(7):1539-1548.

[10] Zhumekenov AA, Saidaminov MI, Haque MA, et al. Formamidinium lead halide perovskite crystals with unprecedented long carrier dynamics and diffusion length. ACS Energy Lett. 2016;1:32-37.

[11] Ning W, Wang F, Wu B, et al. Long electron-hole diffusion length in high-quality lead-free double perovskite films. Adv Mater. 2018;30(20):e1706246.

[12] Xie C, Liu CK, Loi HL, Yan F. Perovskite-based phototransistors and hybrid photodetectors. Adv Funct Mater. 2019;30(20):1903907.

[13] Hwang B, Gu C, Lee D, Lee JS. Effect of halide-mixing on the switching behaviors of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite memory. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):43794.

[14] Lin YH, Pattanasattayavong P, Anthopoulos TD. Metal-halide perovskite transistors for printed electronics: challenges and opportunities. Adv Mater. 2017;29(46).

[15] Zeidell AM, Tyznik C, Jennings L, et al. Enhanced charge transport in hybrid perovskite field-effect transistors via microstructure control. Adv Electron Mater. 2018;4(12):1800316.

[16] Zhu H, Liu A, Noh Y-Y. Recent progress on metal halide perovskite field-effect transistors. J Inform Disp. 2021;22(4):257-268.

[17] Paulus F, Tyznik C, Jurchescu OD, Vaynzof Y. Switched-on: progress, challenges, and opportunities in metal halide perovskite transistors. Adv Funct Mater. 2021;31(29):2101029.

[18] Kagan DBMCR, Dimitrakopoulos CD. Organic-inorganic hybrid materials as semiconducting channels in thin-film field-effect transistors. Science. 1999;286(5441):945-947.

[19] Chin XY, Cortecchia D, Yin J, Bruno A, Soci C. Lead iodide perovskite light-emitting field-effect transistor. Nat Commun. 2015;6(1):7383.

[20] Wang J, Senanayak SP, Liu J, et al. Investigation of electrode electrochemical reactions in CH₃NH₃PbBr₃ perovskite singlecrystal field-effect transistors. Adv Mater. 2019;31(35):e1902618.

[21] She X-J, Chen C, Divitini G, et al. A solvent-based surface cleaning and passivation technique for suppressing ionic defects in high-mobility perovskite field-effect transistors. Nat Electron. 2020;3(11):694-703.

[22] Rivkin B, Fassl P, Sun Q, Taylor AD, Chen Z, Vaynzof Y. Effect of ion migration-induced electrode degradation on the operational stability of perovskite solar cells. ACS Omega. 2018;3(8):10042-10047.

[23] Di Girolamo D, Phung N, Kosasih FU, et al. Ion migrationinduced amorphization and phase segregation as a degradation mechanism in planar perovskite solar cells. Adv Energy Mater. 2020;10(25):2000310.

[24] Yuan Y, Huang J. Ion migration in organometal trihalide perovskite and its impact on photovoltaic efficiency and stability. Acc Chem Res. 2016;49(2):286-293.

[25] Wei D, Ma F, Wang R, et al. Ion-migration inhibition by the cation-π interaction in perovskite materials for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Adv Mater. 2018;30(31):e1707583.

[26] Zai H, Ma Y, Chen Q, Zhou H. Ion migration in halide perovskite solar cells: mechanism, characterization, impact and suppression. J Energy Chem. 2021;63:528-549.

[27] Bi E, Song Z, Li C, Wu Z, Yan Y. Mitigating ion migration in perovskite solar cells. Trends Chem. 2021;3(7):575-588.

[28] Li N, Jia Y, Guo Y, Zhao N. Ion migration in perovskite lightemitting diodes: mechanism, characterizations, and material and device engineering. Adv Mater. 2022;34(19):e2108102.

[29] Zhu W, Wang S, Zhang X, Wang A, Wu C, Hao F. Ion migration in organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells: current understanding and perspectives. Small. 2022;18(15):e2105783.

[30] Tress W. Metal halide perovskites as mixed electronic-ionic conductors: challenges and opportunities—from hysteresis to memristivity. J Phys Chem Lett. 2017;8(13):3106-3114.

[31] Liu A, Zhu H, Bai S, et al. High-performance metal halide perovskite transistors. Nat Electron. 2023;6(8):559-571.

[32] Roh T, Zhu H, Yang W, Liu A, Noh YY. Ion migration induced unusual charge transport in tin halide perovskites. ACS Energy Lett. 2023;8(2):957-962.

[33] Ighodalo KO, Chen W, Liang Z, et al. Negligible ion migration in tin-based and tin-doped perovskites. Angew Chem Int Edit. 2023;135(5):e202213932.

[34] Li C, Tscheuschner S, Paulus F, et al. Iodine migration and its effect on hysteresis in perovskite solar cells. Adv Mater. 2016;28(12):2446-2454.

[35] McGovern L, Koschany I, Grimaldi G, Muscarella LA, Ehrler B. Grain size influences activation energy and migration pathways in MAPbBr₃ perovskite solar cells. J Phys Chem Lett. 2021;12(9):2423-2428.

[36] Tan S, Yavuz I, De Marco N, et al. Steric impediment of ion migration contributes to improved operational stability of perovskite solar cells. Adv Mater. 2020;32(11):e1906995.

[37] Xing J, Wang Q, Dong Q, Yuan Y, Fang Y, Huang J. Ultrafast ion migration in hybrid perovskite polycrystalline thin films under light and suppression in single crystals. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2016;18(44):30484-30490.

[38] Haruyama J, Sodeyama K, Han L, Tateyama Y. First-principles study of ion diffusion in perovskite solar cell sensitizers. J Am Chem Soc. 2015;137(32):10048-10051.

[39] Azpiroz JM, Mosconi E, Bisquert J, De Angelis F. Defect migration in methylammonium lead iodide and its role in perovskite solar cell operation. Energy Environ Sci. 2015;8(7):2118-2127.

[40] Yin W-J, Shi T, Yan Y. Unusual defect physics in CH₃NH₃Pbi₃ perovskite solar cell absorber. Appl Phys Lett. 2014;104:6.

[41] Xing G, Mathews N, Lim SS, et al. Low-temperature solution-processed wavelength-tunable perovskites for lasing. Nat Mater. 2014;13(5):476-480.

[42] Senanayak SP, Yang B, Thomas TH, et al. Understanding charge transport in lead iodide perovskite thin-film fieldeffect transistors. Sci Adv. 2017;3:e1601935.

[43] Haque F, Bukke RN, Mativenga M. Reduction of hysteresis in hybrid perovskite transistors by solvent-controlled growth. Materials. 2021:14.

[44] Canicoba ND, Zagni N, Liu F, et al. Halide perovskite high-kfield effect transistors with dynamically reconfigurable ambipolarity. ACS Mater Lett. 2019;1:633. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmaterialslett.9b00357

[45] Haque F, Hoang NTT, Ji J, Mativenga M. Effect of precursor composition on ion migration in hybrid perovskite CH₃NH₃Pbi₃. IEEE Electron Device Lett. 2019;40:1756.

[46] Mativenga M, Ji J, Hoang NTt, Haque F. Ambient air stability of hybrid perovskite thin-film transistors by ambient air processing. Adv Mater Interfac. 2020;7:1901777.

[47] Huo C, Liu X, Song X, Wang Z, Zeng H. Field-effect transistors based on van-der-Waals-grown and dry-transferred allinorganic perovskite ultrathin platelets. J Phys Chem Lett. 2017;8:4785.

[48] Senanayak SP, Kamboj VS, Carey R, et al. A general approach for hysteresis-free, operationally stable metal halide perovskite field-effect transistors. Sci Adv. 2020;6:eaaz4948.

[49] Kim HP, Vasilopoulou M, Ullah H, et al. A hysteresis-free perovskite transistor with exceptional stability through molecular cross-linking and amine-based surface passivation. Nanoscale. 2020;12:7641.

[50] Zhang Y, Ummadisingu A, Shivanna R, et al. Direct observation of contact reaction induced ion migration and its effect on non-ideal charge transport in lead triiodide perovskite field-effect transistors. Small. 2023;19(41):2302494.

[51] Senanayak SP, Dey K, Shivanna R, et al. Charge transport in mixed metal halide perovskite semiconductors. Nat Mater. 2023;22:216.

[52] Liu A, Zhu H, Kim S, et al. Antimony fluoride (SbF₃): A potent hole suppressor for tin(II)-halide perovskite devices. InfoMat. 2022;5:e12386.

[53] Zhu H, Liu A, Shim KI, et al. High-performance hysteresis-free perovskite transistors through anion engineering. Nat Commun. 2022;13:1741. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29434-x

[54] Shao S, Talsma W, Pitaro M, et al. Field-effect transistors based on formamidinium tin triiodide perovskite. Adv Funct Mater. 2021;31:2008478.

[55] Yang W, Park G, Liu A, et al. Fluorinated organic a-cation enabling high-performance hysteresis-free 2D/3D hybrid tin perovskite transistors. Adv Funct Mater. 2023;33:2303309.

[56] Labram JG, Fabini DH, Perry EE, et al. Temperature-dependent polarization in field-effect transport and photovoltaic measurements of methylammonium lead iodide. J Phys Chem Lett. 2015;6:3565.

[57] Cho N, Li F, Turedi B, et al. Pure crystal orientation and anisotropic charge transport in large-area hybrid perovskite films. Nat Commun. 2016;7:13407. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13407

[58] Wang G, Cheng H, Li Y, et al. Wafer-scale growth of large arrays of perovskite microplate crystals for functional electronics and optoelectronics. Sci Adv. 2015;1:e1500613.

[59] Aleshin AN, Shcherbakov IP, Trapeznikova IN, Petrov VN. Field-effect transistors with high mobility and small hysteresis of transfer characteristics based on CH₃NH₃PbBr₃ films. Phys Solid State. 2017;59:2486.

[60] Shlenskaya NN, Belich NA, Gräzel M, Goodilin EA, Tarasov AB. Light-induced reactivity of gold and hybrid perovskite as a new possible degradation mechanism in perovskite solar cells. J Mater Chem A. 2018;6:1780.

[61] Li HZ, Wang G, Hu J, et al. A Eu³⁺-Eu²⁺ ion redox shuttle imparts operational durability to Pb-I perovskite solar cells. Science. 2019;363:265.

[62] Luo ZD, Xia X, Yang MM, Wilson NR, Gruverman A, Alexe M. Artificial optoelectronic synapses based on ferroelectric fieldeffect enabled 2D transition metal dichalcogenide memristive transistors. ACS Nano. 2020;14:746.

[63] Ji J, Haque F, Hoang NTT, Mativenga M. Ambipolar transport in methylammonium lead iodide thin film transistors. Crystals. 2019;9:539.

[64] Farjana Haque SL, Lee S, Park Y, Mativenga M. Highly sensitive and ambient air-processed hybrid perovskite TFT temperature sensor. IEEE Electron Device Lett. 2020;41:1086.

[65] Yu W, Li F, Yu L, et al. Single crystal hybrid perovskite fieldeffect transistors. Nat Commun. 2018;9:5354. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07706-9

[66] Zhu H, Liu A, Shim KI, Hong J, Han JW, Noh YY. Highperformance and reliable lead-free layered-perovskite transistors. Adv Mater. 2020;32:e2002717. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201906335

[67] Liu A, Zhu H, Reo Y, et al. Modulation of vacancy-ordered double perovskite CS₂Sni₆ for air-stable thin-film transistors. Cell Rep Phys Sci. 2022;3:100812.

[68] Liu A, Zhu H, Bai S, et al. High-performance inorganic metal halide perovskite transistors. Nat Electron. 2022;5:78.

[69] Leijtens T, Eperon GE, Noel NK, Habisreutinger SN, Petrozza A, Snaith HJ. Stability of metal halide perovskite solar cells. Adv Energy Mater. 2015;5:1500963.

[70] Dong H, Zhang C, Liu X, Yao J, Zhao YS. Materials chemistry and engineering in metal halide perovskite lasers. Chem Soc Rev. 2020;49:951.

[71] Kim YH, Cho H, Lee TW. Metal halide perovskite light emitters. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2016;113:11694.

[72] Chen C, Song Z, Xiao C, et al. Arylammonium-assisted reduction of the open-circuit voltage deficit in wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells: the role of suppressed ion migration. ACS Energy Lett. 2020;5:2560.

[73] Cho J, DuBose JT, Le ANT, Kamat PV. Suppressed halide ion migration in 2D lead halide perovskites. ACS Mater Lett. 2020;2:565.

[74] Grancini G, Roldan-Carmona C, Zimmermann I, et al. Oneyear stable perovskite solar cells by 2D/3D interface engineering. Nat Commun. 2017;8:15684.

[75] Zhu H, Yang W, Reo Y, et al. Tin perovskite transistors and complementary circuits based on A-site cation engineering. Nat Electron. 2023;6:650-657.

[76] Xin Y, Zhao H, Zhang J. Highly stable and luminescent perovskite-polymer composites from a convenient and universal strategy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2018;10:4971.

[77] Zhao B, Bai S, Kim V, et al. High-efficiency perovskite-polymer bulk heterostructure light-emitting diodes. Nat Photonics. 2018;12:783.

[78] Wang S, Zhang Z, Tang Z, et al. Polymer strategies for highefficiency and stable perovskite solar cells. Nano Energy. 2021;82:105712.

[79] Fairfield DJ, Sai H, Narayanan A, et al. Structure and chemical stability in perovskite-polymer hybrid photovoltaic materials. J Mater Chem A. 2019;7:1687.

[80] Li X, Zhang W, Wang YC, Zhang W, Wang HQ, Fang J. In-situ cross-linking strategy for efficient and operationally stable methylammoniun lead iodide solar cells. Nat Commun. 2018;9:3806.

[81] Han TH, Lee JW, Choi C, et al. Perovskite-polymer composite cross-linker approach for highly-stable and efficient perovskite solar cells. Nat Commun. 2019;10:520.

[82] Ma Y, Cheng Y, Xu X, et al. Suppressing ion migration across perovskite grain boundaries by polymer additives. Adv Funct Mater. 2020;31:2006802.

[83] Xia J, Qiu X, Liu Y, et al. Ferroelectric wide-bandgap metal halide perovskite field-effect transistors: Toward transparent electronics. Adv Sci. 2023;10:2300133.

[84] Bush KA, Bailie CD, Chen Y, et al. Thermal and environmental stability of semi-transparent perovskite solar cells for tandems Enabled by a solution-processed nanoparticle buffer layer and sputtered ITO electrode. Adv Mater. 2016;28:3937.

[85] Sun T, Chen T, Chen J, et al. High-performance p-i-n perovskite photodetectors and image sensors with long-term operational stability enabled by a corrosion-resistant titanium nitride back electrode. Nanoscale. 2023;15:7803.

[86] Li X, Fu S, Zhang W, Ke S, Song W, Fang J. Chemical anticorrosion strategy for stable inverted perovskite solar cells. Sci Adv. 2020;6:eabd1580.

[87] Wang J, Chen X, Jiang F, et al. Electrochemical corrosion of Ag electrode in the silver grid electrode-based flexible perovskite solar cells and the suppression method. Sol RRL. 2018;2:1800118.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2024 The Authors. Electron published by Harbin Institute of Technology and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.