Advancing sustainability: Green chemistry applications of heterocyclic compounds for waste remediation

Abstract

This review examines eco-friendly strategies for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds through the application of green chemistry principles. Traditional synthetic routes often rely on hazardous reagents, toxic solvents, and energy-intensive processes, leading to environmental and safety concerns. In contrast, green approaches emphasize mild reaction conditions, non-toxic catalysts, renewable feedstocks, and energy-efficient techniques to reduce waste and enhance sustainability. Key methods discussed include catalysis, solvent-free and green solvent systems, biocatalysis, and the use of biomass-derived starting materials. The review also highlights applications of green heterocyclic synthesis in pharmaceuticals, materials science, and environmental remediation. By integrating these sustainable strategies, heterocyclic chemistry can advance toward safer, more efficient, and environmentally responsible production, providing a roadmap for future research and industrial practice.

Keywords

Green chemistry / sustainability / heterocyclic compounds / renewable feedstocks / catalysis / environmentally benign processes

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