Effects of elevated ground temperatures on properties of cement grouts for deep rock grouting

Abstract

Appropriate determination of the mix ratios of cement grouts is of vital importance to the quality of rock grouting and the risk reduction of groundwater inflow. The behavior of grout, often highly temperature dependent, is likely to be affected by the elevated ground temperature in deep rock masses. This paper aims to experimentally gain insights into the effects of elevated ground temperatures on the properties of cement grout in fresh and hardened states in deep rock grouting. The results revealed that a temperature of 35°C is crucial for changes in the properties of thick cement grout with a water–cement ratio of less than 0.8. When the temperature is up to 35°C, there can be significant improvements in rheological parameters, acceleration of grout setting, and increase in the rheological time dependence of thick cement grout; however, there may also be a slight impact on the initial grout flowability and the nature of shear thinning. The high temperature may still improve the stability of fresh cement grout and also improve the porosity and creep deformation of hardened cement grout considerably. The proposed constitutive model that couples the Burgers model with a fractional derivative-based Abel dashpot in the series can be used to characterize the creep behavior of hardened cement grout appropriately. The paper provides a valuable reference for optimization of mixture design of cement grouts, thus enhancing deep rock grouting quality and improving safety.

Keywords

cement grout / creep / deep rock / rheology / rock grouting / temperature

References

[1] Abell AB, Willis KL, Lange DA. Mercury intrusion porosimetry and image analysis of cement-based materials. J Colloid Interface Sci. 1999; 211: 39-44.

[2] Aboulayt A, Jaafri R, Samouh H, et al. Stability of a new geopolymer grout: rheological and mechanical performances of metakaolin-fly ash binary mixtures. Constr Build Mater. 2018; 181: 420-436.

[3] Azadi MR, Taghichian A, Taheri A. Optimization of cement-based grouts using chemical additives. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng. 2017; 9: 623-637.

[4] Baltazar LG, Henriques FMA, Jorne F, Cidade MT. Combined effect of superplasticizer, silica fume and temperature in the performance of natural hydraulic lime grouts. Constr Build Mater. 2014; 50: 584-597.

[5] Barnes HA. Thixotropy—a review. J Non-Newton Fluid Mech. 1997; 70: 1-33.

[6] Barnes HA, Hutton JF, Walters K. An Introduction to Rheology. Vol 3. Elsevier Science; 1989.

[7] Bohloli B, Morgan EK, Grøv E, Skjølsvold O, Hognestad HO. Strength and filtration stability of cement grouts at room and true tunnelling temperatures. Tunnel Underg Space Technol. 2018; 71: 193-200.

[8] Bras A, Gião R, Lúcio V, Chastre C. Development of an injectable grout for concrete repair and strengthening. Cement Concr Compos. 2013; 37: 185-195.

[9] Bullard JW, Jennings HM, Livingston RA, et al. Mechanisms of cement hydration. Cem Concr Res. 2011; 41: 1208-1223.

[10] Chen G. Study on cooled zone radius and temperature distribution law of surrounding rock. Coal Technology. 2014; 33(4): 113-115.

[11] Chen Q, Hu H, Zhong Q, Zhang R, Zhang S, Chen D. Comparison on the determination methods for radius of heat-adjusting zone in surrounding rock at deep roadway. Mining R & D. 2016; 36: 94-98.

[12] Chen SJ, Li WG, Ruan CK, Sagoe-Crentsil K, Duan WH. Pore shape analysis using centrifuge driven metal intrusion: indication on porosimetry equations, hydration and packing. Constr Build Mater. 2017; 154: 95-104.

[13] Diamond S. The microstructure of cement paste and concrete––a visual primer. Cem Concr Compos. 2004; 26: 919-933.

[14] Diamond S, Landis E. Microstructural features of a mortar as seen by computed microtomography. Mater Struct. 2006; 40: 989-993.

[15] Eriksson M, Friedrich M, Vorschulze C. Variations in the rheology and penetrability of cement-based grouts—an experimental study. Cem Concr Res. 2004; 34: 1111-1119.

[16] GB/T1346-2011. Test Methods for Water Requirement of Normal Consistency, Setting Time and Soundness of the Portland Cement. Standards Press of China; 2011.

[17] GB/T50123-2019. Standard for Geotechnical Testing Method. China Planning Press; 2019.

[18] GB50511-2010. Code for Construction of Shaft and Roadway of Coal Mine. China planning Press; 2011.

[19] Güllü H. On the viscous behavior of cement mixtures with clay, sand, lime and bottom ash for jet grouting. Constr Build Mater. 2015; 93: 891-910.

[20] Gustafson G, Claesson J, Fransson Å. Steering parameters for rock grouting. J Appl Math. 2013; 2013: 1-9.

[21] Håkansson U, Hässler L, Stille H. Rheological properties of microfine cement grouts. Tunnel Undergr Space Technol. 1992; 7: 453-458.

[22] Hässler L, Håkansson U, Stille H. Classification of jointed rock with emphasis on grouting. Tunnel Undergr Space Technol. 1992; 7: 447-452.

[23] He L, Hu S, Huang S, et al. Heat flow study at the Chinese continental scientific drilling site: borehole temperature, thermal conductivity, and radiogenic heat production. J Geophys Res: Solid Earth. 2008; 113: 113.

[24] He M, Qian Q. The Basis of Deep Rock Mechanics. China Science Publishing & Media Ltd.; 2010.

[25] He S, Lai J, Wang L, Wang K. A literature review on properties and applications of grouts for shield tunnel. Constr Build Mater. 2020; 239:117782.

[26] Kamalakannan S, Thirunavukkarasu R, Pillai RG, Santhanam M. Factors affecting the performance characteristics of cementitious grouts for post-tensioning applications. Constr Build Mater. 2018; 180: 681-691.

[27] Kang H, Wang G, Jiang P, et al. Conception for strata control and intelligent mining technology in deep coal mines with depth more than 1000 m. J China Coal Soc. 2018; 43: 1789-1800.

[28] Kazemian S, Prasad A, Kim Huat B. Rheological behavior of grout in context of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. Electron J Geotech Eng. 2010; 15: 1103-1115.

[29] Khayat K, Yahia A. Effect of Welan gum-high-range water reducer combinations on rheology of cement grout. ACI Mater J. 1997; 94: 365-372.

[30] Kou H, Li W, Zhang X, et al. Temperature-dependent coefficient of surface tension prediction model without arbitrary parameters. Fluid Phase Equilibria. 2019; 484: 53-59.

[31] Li S, Liu R, Zhang Q, Zhang X. Protection against water or mud inrush in tunnels by grouting: a review. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng. 2016; 8: 753-766.

[32] Liu Q, Lei G, Peng X, Lu C, Wei L. Rheological characteristics of cement grout and its effect on mechanical properties of a rock fracture. Rock Mech Rock Eng. 2018; 51: 613-625.

[33] Lombardi G. The role of cohesion in cement grouting of rock. Proceedings of the 15th Congress on Large Dams. ICOLD; 1985: 235-261.

[34] Lombardi G, Don UD. Grout slurries—thick or thin? Issues in dam grouting. Proceedings of the Session Sponsored by the Geotechnical Engineering. Division of the American Society of Civil Engineers in conjunction with the ASCE; 1985: 156-164.

[35] Lu Z, Kong X, Jansen D, et al. Towards a further understanding of cement hydration in the presence of triethanolamine. Cem Concr Res. 2020; 132(2020):106041.

[36] Lü C, Liu J, Zhao C, Ren Y, Liang C. Creep-damage constitutive model based on fractional derivatives and its application in salt cavern gas storage. J Energy Storage. 2021; 44:103403.

[37] Lü K, She W, Miao C, Chang H, Gu Y. Quantitative characterization of pore morphology in hardened cement paste via SEM-BSE image analysis. Constr Build Mater. 2019; 202: 589-602.

[38] Mehta PK, Monteiro PJM. Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials. 4th ed. McGraw-Hill Education; 2013.

[39] Minard H, Garrault S, Regnaud L, Nonat A. Mechanisms and parameters controlling the tricalcium aluminate reactivity in the presence of gypsum. Cem Concr Res. 2007; 37: 1418-1426.

[40] Mirza J, Saleh K, Langevin M-A, Mirza S, Bhutta MAR, Tahir MM. Properties of microfine cement grouts at 4°C, 10°C and 20°C. Constr Build Mater. 2013; 47: 1145-1153.

[41] MT/T1058-2008. Technical Specification of Pre-grouting from the Surface with Clay-cement Grout in Vertical Shaft. China Coal Industry Publishing House; 2009.

[42] Nonveiller E. Grouting Theory and Practice. Elsevier; 1989.

[43] Rahman M, Wiklund J, Kotzé R, Håkansson U. Yield stress of cement grouts. Tunnel Undergr Space Technol. 2017; 61: 50-60.

[44] Rosquoët F, Alexis A, Khelidj A, Phelipot A. Experimental study of cement grout. Cem Concr Res. 2003; 33: 713-722.

[45] Shamu TJ, Håkansson U. Rheology of cement grouts: on the critical shear rate and no-slip regime in the Couette geometry. Cem Concr Res. 2019; 123:105769.

[46] SL62-2014. Technical Specification for Cement Grouting of Hydraulic Structures. China Water & Power Press; 2014.

[47] Sun P, Zhu C. Study on the geothermal fields of country rock on deep tunnels. J China Univ Min Technol. 1989; 19: 27-34.

[48] Wallevik JE. Rheological properties of cement paste: thixotropic behavior and structural breakdown. Cem Concr Res. 2009; 39: 14-29.

[49] Warner J. Practical Handbook of Grouting: Soil, Rock, and Structures. John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2004.

[50] Widmann R. International society for rock mechanics commission on rock grouting. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr. 1996; 33: 803-847.

[51] Xie H, Ju Y, Gao F, Gao M, Zhang R. Groundbreaking theoretical and technical conceptualization of fluidized mining of deep underground solid mineral resources. Tunnel Undergr Space Technol. 2017; 67: 68-70.

[52] Xu Z, Miao Y, Wu H, Yuan X, Liu C. Estimation of viscosity and yield stress of cement grouts at true ground temperatures based on the flow spread test. Materials. 2020; 13:2939.

[53] Yang SQ, Hu B. Creep and permeability evolution behavior of red sandstone containing a single fissure under a confining pressure of 30 MPa. Sci Rep. 2020; 10: 1900.

[54] Zhang Y. Mechanism of Deep Heat Damage and Its Control Measures in Jiahe Coal Mine. Doctoral Thesis. China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing; 2007.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2023 The Authors. Deep Underground Science and Engineering published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of China University of Mining and Technology.