TextGen: a realistic text data content generation method for modern storage system benchmarks

Long-xiang WANG, Xiao-she DONG, Xing-jun ZHANG, Yin-feng WANG, Tao JU, Guo-fu FENG

PDF(1199 KB)
PDF(1199 KB)
Front. Inform. Technol. Electron. Eng ›› 2016, Vol. 17 ›› Issue (10) : 982-993. DOI: 10.1631/FITEE.1500332
Article

TextGen: a realistic text data content generation method for modern storage system benchmarks

Author information +
History +

Abstract

Modern storage systems incorporate data compressors to improve their performance and capacity. As a result, data content can significantly influence the result of a storage system benchmark. Because real-world proprietary datasets are too large to be copied onto a test storage system, and most data cannot be shared due to privacy issues, a benchmark needs to generate data synthetically. To ensure that the result is accurate, it is necessary to generate data content based on the characterization of real-world data properties that influence the storage system performance during the execution of a benchmark. The existing approach, called SDGen, cannot guarantee that the benchmark result is accurate in storage systems that have built-in word-based compressors. The reason is that SDGen characterizes the properties that influence compression performance only at the byte level, and no properties are characterized at the word level. To address this problem, we present TextGen, a realistic text data content generation method for modern storage system benchmarks. TextGen builds the word corpus by segmenting real-world text datasets, and creates a word-frequency distribution by counting each word in the corpus. To improve data generation performance, the word-frequency distribution is fitted to a lognormal distribution by maximum likelihood estimation. The Monte Carlo approach is used to generate synthetic data. The running time of TextGen generation depends only on the expected data size, which means that the time complexity of TextGen is O(n). To evaluate TextGen, four real-world datasets were used to perform an experiment. The experimental results show that, compared with SDGen, the compression performance and compression ratio of the datasets generated by TextGen deviate less from real-world datasets when end-tagged dense code, a representative of word-based compressors, is evaluated.

Keywords

Benchmark / Storage system / Word-based compression

Cite this article

Download citation ▾
Long-xiang WANG, Xiao-she DONG, Xing-jun ZHANG, Yin-feng WANG, Tao JU, Guo-fu FENG. TextGen: a realistic text data content generation method for modern storage system benchmarks. Front. Inform. Technol. Electron. Eng, 2016, 17(10): 982‒993 https://doi.org/10.1631/FITEE.1500332

References

[1]
Agrawal, N., Bolosky, W.J., Douceur, J.R., , 2007. A five-year study of file-system metadata.ACM Trans. Stor., 3(3):9.1–9.32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1288783.1288788
[2]
Agrawal, N., Arpaci-Dusseau, A.C., Arpaci-Dusseau, R.H., 2009. Generating realistic impressions for file-system benchmarking.ACM Trans. Stor., 5(4):16.1–16.30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1629080.1629086
[3]
Anderson, E., Kallahalla, M., Uysal, M., , 2004. Buttress: a toolkit for flexible and high fidelity I/O benchmarking. Proc. USENIX Conf. on File and Storage Technologies, p.4.
[4]
Armstrong, T.G., Ponnekanti, V., Borthakur, D., , 2013. Linkbench: a database benchmark based on the Facebook social graph. Proc. ACM SIGMOD Int. Conf. on Management of Data, p.1185–1196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2463676.2465296
[5]
Arnold, R., Bell, T., 1997. A corpus for the evaluation of lossless compression algorithms. Data Compression Conf., p.201–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/DCC.1997.582019
[6]
Baayen, H., 1992. Statistical-models for word-frequency distributions—a linguistic evaluation.Comput. Human. 26(5-6):347–363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/Bf00136980
[7]
Bäck, T., 1996. Evolutionary Algorithms in Theory and Practice. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, p.120.
[8]
Bonwick, J., Ahrens, M., Henson, V., , 2003. The Zettabyte File System. Technical Report, Sun Microsystems, Inc., Santa Clara, USA.
[9]
Box, G.E.P., Muller, M.E., 1958. A note on the generation of random normal deviates.Ann.. Math. Statist., 29(2): 610–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/aoms/1177706645
[10]
Brisaboa, N.R., Iglesias, E., Navarro, G., , 2003. An efficient compression code for text databases.Adv. Inform. Retriev., 2633:468–481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-36618-0_33
[11]
Brisaboa, N.R., Fariña, A., Navarro, G., , 2007. Lightweight natural language text compression.Inform. Retriev., 10(1):1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10791-006-9001-9
[12]
Brisaboa, N.R., Fariña, A., Navarro, G., 2008. New adaptive compressors for natural language text.Softw.-Pract. Exper., 38(13):1429–1450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/spe.882
[13]
Brisaboa, N.R., Fariña, A., Navarro, G., , 2010. Dynamic lightweight text compression.ACM Trans. Inform. Syst., 28(3):1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1777432.1777433
[14]
Chilan, C.M., 2005. IOzone: an Open Source File System Benchmark Tool. Technical Report, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications Hierarchical Data Format Group, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois.
[15]
Cooper, B.F., Silberstein, A., Tam, E., , 2010. Benchmarking cloud serving systems with YCSB. Proc. ACM Symp. on Cloud Computing, p.143–154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1807128.1807152
[16]
Difallah, D.E., Pavlo, A., Curino, C., , 2013. OLTP-bench: an extensible testbed for benchmarking relational databases.Proc. VLDB Endow., 7(4):277–288. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/2732240.2732246
[17]
Drago, I., Bocchi, E., Mellia, M., , 2013. Benchmarking personal cloud storage. Proc. Conf. on Int. Measurement, p.205–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2504730.2504762
[18]
Dvorský, J., Pokorný, J., Snášel, V., 1999. Word-based compression methods and indexing for text retrieval systems.Adv. Database Inform. Syst., 1691:76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-48252-0_6
[19]
Fariña, A., Brisaboa, N.R., Navarro, G., , 2012. Word-based self-indexes for natural language text.ACM Trans. Inform. Syst., 30(1):1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2094072.2094073
[20]
Gracia-Tinedo, R., Harnik, D., Naor, D., , 2015. SDGen: mimicking datasets for content generation in storage benchmarks. Proc. USENIX Conf. on File and Storage Technologies, p.317–330.
[21]
Horspool, R.N., Cormack, G.V., 1992. Constructing wordbased text compression algorithms. Data Compression Conf., p.62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/DCC.1992.227475
[22]
Lang, K., 1995. Newsweeder: learning to filter netnews. Proc. Int. Conf. on Machine Learning, p.331–339.
[23]
Li, A., Yang, X., Kandula, S., , 2010. Cloudcmp: comparing public cloud providers. Proc. ACM SIGCOMM Conf. on Internet Measurement, p.1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1879141.1879143
[24]
Li, W.T., 1992. Random texts exhibit Zipf-law-like wordfrequency distribution.IEEE Trans. Inform. Theor., 38(6):1842–1845. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/18.165464
[25]
Moffat, A., Zobel, J., Sharman, N., 1997. Text compression for dynamic document databases.IEEE Trans. Knowl. Database Eng., 9(2):302–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/69.591454
[26]
Myung, I.J., 2003. Tutorial on maximum likelihood estimation.J. Math. Psychol., 47(1):90–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2496(02)00028-7
[27]
Powers, D.M.W., 1998. Applications and explanations of Zipf’s law. Proc. Joint Conf. on New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning, p.151–160.
[28]
Rodeh, O., Bacik, J., Mason, C., 2013. BTRFS: the Linux B-tree filesystem.ACM Trans. Stor., 9(3):1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2501620.2501623
[29]
Salomon, D., 2006. Data Compression: the Complete Reference. Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., New York, USA, p.885.
[30]
Tarasov, V., Bhanage, S., Zadok, E., , 2011. Benchmarking file system benchmarking: it *is* rocket science. Proc. USENIX Conf. on Hot Topics in Operating Systems, p.8–13.
[31]
Traeger, A., Zadok, E., Joukov, N., , 2008. A nine year study of file system and storage benchmarking.ACM Trans. Stor., 4(2):1–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1367829.1367831
[32]
Vitter, J.S., 1985. Random sampling with a reservoir.ACM Trans. Math. Softw., 11(1):37–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3147.3165
[33]
Yoshida, S., Morihara, T., Yahagi, H., , 1999. Application of a word-based text compression method to Japanese and Chinese texts. Data Compression Conf., p.561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/DCC.1999.785718
[34]
Ziv, J., Lempel, A., 1977. A universal algorithm for sequential data compression.IEEE Trans. Inform. Theor., 23(3): 337–343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TIT.1977.1055714

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2016 Zhejiang University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
PDF(1199 KB)

Accesses

Citations

Detail

Sections
Recommended

/