Fe/Co-modified Enteromorpha bio-hydrochar enhanced anaerobic digestion of chicken manure with sulfadimethazine: focusing on synergistic mechanism and microbial community succession

Abstract

1.	Enteromorpha bio-hydrochar (HC) improved chicken manure digestion with high sulfadimethazine.
2.	Co-HC contributed high electronic exchange capacity with pyridine–N, graphite–N and C–O functional groups.
3.	Co-HC outperformed Fe-HC at the same dose in enhancing both methanogenesis and acidogenesis.
4.	Addition of 1.5 mmol L−1 Co-HC significantly enhanced both SMZ degradation and the elimination of ARGs (sul1, sul2).
5.	Co-HC significantly upregulated mtrA, boosting DIET cooperation between bacteria and methanogens.

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Funding

National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC3700187); National Natural Science Foundation of China(51608304); Young Scholars Program of Shandong University(2018WLJH53)