Biomass-derived materials for energy storage and electrocatalysis: recent advances and future perspectives

Abstract

•	Biomass-derived materials offer sustainable solutions for energy storage & conversion.
•	Challenges include fabrication of high-quality biomass-derived carbon materials.
•	Future research directions aim to optimize structural designs for enhanced performance.

References

AdegokeKA, MaxakatoNW. Electrochemical CO conversion to fuels on metal-free N-doped carbon-based materials: functionalities, mechanistic, and technoeconomic aspects. Mater Today Chem, 2022, 24

AsomaningJ, HauptS, ChaeM, BresslerDC. Recent developments in microwave-assisted thermal conversion of biomass for fuels and chemicals. Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 2018, 92: 642-657

AyalaP, ArenalR, RümmeliM, RubioA, PichlerT. The doping of carbon nanotubes with nitrogen and their potential applications. Carbon, 2010, 48(3): 575-586

Balaghi InalooE, SaidiM. Biofuel production from olive pomace via thermal and catalytic pyrolysis using an RFCC catalyst. Biofuels, Bioprod Biorefin, 2022, 16(6): 1667-1681

BediaJ, Peñas-GarzónM, Gómez-AvilésA, RodriguezJJ, BelverC. A review on the synthesis and characterization of biomass-derived carbons for adsorption of emerging contaminants from water. C, 2018, 4(4): 63

BiZH, KongQQ, CaoYF, SunGH, SuFY, WeiXX, et al. . Biomass-derived porous carbon materials with different dimensions for supercapacitor electrodes: a review. J Mater Chem A, 2019, 7(27): 16028-16045

BianZ, WuC, YuanC, WangY, ZhaoG, WangH, et al. . One-step production of N-O–P–S co-doped porous carbon from bean worms for supercapacitors with high performance. RSC Adv, 2020, 10(51): 30756-30766

CaiXS, QinBH, LiYH, ZhangQ, YangGX, WangHJ, et al. . Chlorine-promoted nitrogen and sulfur co-doped biocarbon catalyst for electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction. ChemElectroChem, 2020, 7(1): 320-327

CaiP, MomenR, LiM, TianY, YangL, ZouK, et al. . Functional carbon materials processed by NH3 plasma for advanced full-carbon sodium-ion capacitors. Chem Eng J, 2021, 420

CaoS, FengX, SongY, XueX, LiuH, MiaoM, et al. . Integrated fast assembly of free-standing lithium titanate/carbon nanotube/cellulose nanofiber hybrid network film as flexible paper-electrode for lithium-ion batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2015, 7(20): 10695-10701

ChaJS, ParkSH, JungS-C, RyuC, JeonJ-K, ShinM-C, et al. . Production and utilization of biochar: a review. J Ind Eng Chem, 2016, 40: 1-15

ChaoliangT, XiehongC, Xue-JunW, QiyuanH, JianY, XiaoZ, et al. . Recent advances in ultrathin two-dimensional nanomaterials. Chem Rev, 2017, 117: 6225-6331

ChenW-F, IyerS, IyerS, SasakiK, WangC-H, ZhuY, et al. . Biomass-derived electrocatalytic composites for hydrogen evolution. Energy Environ Sci, 2013, 6(6): 1818-1826

ChenH, LiuD, ShenZ, BaoB, ZhaoS, WuL. Functional biomass carbons with hierarchical porous structure for supercapacitor electrode materials. Electrochim Acta, 2015, 180: 241-251

ChenY, XiaoZ, LiuY, FanL-Z. A simple strategy toward hierarchically porous graphene/nitrogen-rich carbon foams for high-performance supercapacitors. J Mater Chem A, 2017, 5(46): 24178-24184

ChenY, ZhangX, ChenW, YangH, ChenH. The structure evolution of biochar from biomass pyrolysis and its correlation with gas pollutant adsorption performance. Biores Technol, 2017, 246: 101-109

ChenH, ZouY, LiJ, ZhangK, XiaY, HuiB, et al. . Wood aerogel-derived sandwich-like layered nanoelectrodes for alkaline overall seawater electrosplitting. Appl Catal B, 2021, 293

ChiapperoM, NorouziO, HuM, DemichelisF, BerrutiF, Di MariaF, et al. . Review of biochar role as additive in anaerobic digestion processes. Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 2020, 131

ChoiJW, AurbachD. Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities. Nat Rev Mater, 2016, 1(4): 1-16

ChulliyoteR, HareendrakrishnakumarH, JosephMG. Template free one pot synthesis of heteroatom doped porous carbon electrodes for high performance symmetric supercapacitor. Electrochim Acta, 2020, 337

DingJ, WangH, LiZ, CuiK, KarpuzovD, TanX, et al. . Peanut shell hybrid sodium ion capacitor with extreme energy–power rivals lithium ion capacitors. Energy Environ Sci, 2015, 8(3): 941-955

DongX, LiuX, ChenH, XuX, JiangH, GuC, et al. . Hard template-assisted N, P-doped multifunctional mesoporous carbon for supercapacitors and hydrogen evolution reaction. J Mater Sci, 2021, 56: 2385-2398

DuanX, O'DonnellK, SunH, WangY, WangS. Sulfur and nitrogen co-doped graphene for metal-free catalytic oxidation reactions. Small, 2015, 11(25): 3036-3044

DuttaS, BhaumikA, WuKC-W. Hierarchically porous carbon derived from polymers and biomass: effect of interconnected pores on energy applications. Energy Environ Sci, 2014, 7(11): 3574-3592

FakayodeOA, YusufBA, ZhouC, XuY, JiQ, XieJ, et al. . Simplistic two-step fabrication of porous carbon-based biomass-derived electrocatalyst for efficient hydrogen evolution reaction. Energy Convers Manage, 2021, 227

FengT, WangS, HuaY, ZhouP, LiuG, JiK, et al. . Synthesis of biomass-derived N, O-codoped hierarchical porous carbon with large surface area for high-performance supercapacitor. J Energy Storage, 2021, 44

GanW, WuL, WangY, GaoH, GaoL, XiaoS, et al. . Carbonized wood decorated with cobalt-nickel binary nanoparticles as a low-cost and efficient electrode for water splitting. Adv Funct Mater, 2021, 31(29): 2010951

GaoS, LiuH, GengK, WeiX. Honeysuckles-derived porous nitrogen, sulfur, dual-doped carbon as high-performance metal-free oxygen electroreduction catalyst. Nano Energy, 2015, 12: 785-793

GaoSY, LiXG, LiLY, WeiXJ. A versatile biomass derived carbon material for oxygen reduction reaction, supercapacitors and oil/water separation. Nano Energy, 2017, 33: 334-342

GaoF, GengC, XiaoN, QuJ, QiuJ. Hierarchical porous carbon sheets derived from biomass containing an activation agent and in-built template for lithium ion batteries. Carbon, 2018, 139: 1085-1092

GeimAK, NovoselovKS. The rise of graphene. Nat Mater, 2007, 6(3): 183-191

GengD, ChenY, ChenY, LiY, LiR, SunX, et al. . High oxygen-reduction activity and durability of nitrogen-doped graphene. Energy Environ Sci, 2011, 4(3): 760-764

GomesVG, DinhKN. Ni-and P-doped carbon from waste biomass: a sustainable multifunctional electrode for oxygen reduction, oxygen evolution and hydrogen evolution reactions. Electrochim Acta, 2019, 314: 49-60

GongSH, XiaoXX, WangWB, SamDK, LuRQ, XuYG, et al. . Silk fibroin-derived carbon aerogels embedded with copper nanoparticles for efficient electrocatalytic CO2-to-CO conversion. J Colloid Interface Sci, 2021, 600: 412-420

GopalakrishnanA, RajuTD, BadhulikaS. Green synthesis of nitrogen, sulfur-co-doped worm-like hierarchical porous carbon derived from ginger for outstanding supercapacitor performance. Carbon, 2020, 168: 209-219

GuanJ, ZhangZ, JiJ, DouM, WangF. Hydrothermal synthesis of highly dispersed Co3O4 nanoparticles on biomass-derived nitrogen-doped hierarchically porous carbon networks as an efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2017, 9(36): 30662-30669

GuanH, WangQ, WuX, PangJ, JiangZ, ChenG, et al. . Biomass derived porous carbon (BPC) and their composites as lightweight and efficient microwave absorption materials. Compos B Eng, 2021, 207

GuoCZ, LiaoWL, LiZB, ChenCG. Exploration of the catalytically active site structures of animal biomass-modified on cheap carbon nanospheres for oxygen reduction reaction with high activity, stability and methanol-tolerant performance in alkaline medium. Carbon, 2015, 85: 279-288

Gutierrez-PardoA, LacroixB, Martinez-FernandezJ, Ramirez-RicoJ. Manganese dioxide supported on porous biomorphic carbons as hybrid materials for energy storage devices. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2016, 8(45): 30890-30898

HanL, CuiX, LiuY, HanG, WuX, XuCC, et al. . Nitrogen and phosphorus modification to enhance the catalytic activity of biomass-derived carbon toward the oxygen reduction reaction. Sustain Energy Fuels, 2020, 4(6): 2707-2717

HaoXQ, AnXW, PatilAM, WangPF, MaXL, DuX, et al. . Biomass-derived N-doped carbon for efficient electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction to CO and Zn-CO₂ batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2021, 13(3): 3738-3747

HeD, NiuJ, DouM, JiJ, HuangY, WangF. Nitrogen and oxygen co-doped carbon networks with a mesopore-dominant hierarchical porosity for high energy and power density supercapacitors. Electrochim Acta, 2017, 238: 310-318

HeD, ZhaoW, LiP, LiuZ, WuH, LiuL, et al. . Bifunctional biomass-derived 3D nitrogen-doped porous carbon for oxygen reduction reaction and solid-state supercapacitor. Appl Surf Sci, 2019, 465: 303-312

HeT, ZhangYQ, ChenY, ZhangZZ, WangHY, HuYF, et al. . Single iron atoms stabilized by microporous defects of biomass-derived carbon aerogels as high-performance cathode electrocatalysts for aluminum-air batteries. J Mater Chem A, 2019, 7(36): 20840-20846

HeQ, DingL, RaheemA, GuoQ, GongY, YuG. Kinetics comparison and insight into structure-performance correlation for leached biochar gasification. Chem Eng J, 2021, 417

HoangVC, DinhKN, GomesVG. Iodine doped composite with biomass carbon dots and reduced graphene oxide: a versatile bifunctional electrode for energy storage and oxygen reduction reaction. J Mater Chem A, 2019, 7(39): 22650-22662

HouKM, YeXH, HouXJ, WangY, YangL, ShiHC, et al. . Rapid catalytic hydrolysis performance of Mg alloy enhanced by MoS₂ auxiliary mass transfer. J Mater Sci, 2021, 56(7): 4810-4829

HuangJZ, WangLS. Bifunctional wood for electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction to formate and electroanalytical detection of myricetin and cadmium (II). Electrochim Acta, 2019, 319: 569-576

HuangB, LiuY, XieZ. Biomass derived 2D carbons via a hydrothermal carbonization method as efficient bifunctional ORR/HER electrocatalysts. J Mater Chem A, 2017, 5(45): 23481-23488

HuangX, XuX, LiC, WuD, ChengD, CaoD. Vertical CoP nanoarray wrapped by N, P-doped carbon for hydrogen evolution reaction in both acidic and alkaline conditions. Adv Energy Mater, 2019, 9(22): 1803970

HayashiJ, HorikawaT, TakedaI, MuroyamaK, AniFN. Preparing activated carbon from various nutshells by chemical activation with K2CO3. Carbon, 2002, 40(13): 2381-2386

JiangR, ChenX, DengJX, WangTY, WangK, ChenYL, et al. . In -situ growth of ZnS/FeS heterojunctions on biomass -derived porous carbon for efficient oxygen reduction reaction. J Energy Chem, 2020, 47: 79-85

JinHL, LiJ, YuanYF, WangJC, LuJ, WangS. Recent progress in biomass-derived electrode materials for high volumetric performance supercapacitors. Adv Energy Mater, 2018, 8(23): 1801007

JohanssonAC, MolinderR, VikströmT, WiinikkaH. Particle formation during suspension combustion of different biomass powders and their fast pyrolysis bio-oils and biochars. Fuel Process Technol, 2021, 218: 106868

JorgeAB, JervisR, PeriasamyAP, QiaoM, FengJ, TranLN, et al. . 3D carbon materials for efficient oxygen and hydrogen electrocatalysis. Adv Energy Mater, 2020, 10(11): 1902494

KamboHS, DuttaA. A comparative review of biochar and hydrochar in terms of production, physico-chemical properties and applications. Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 2015, 45: 359-378

KhanTA, SaudAS, JamariSS, Ab RahimMH, ParkJ-W, KimH-J. Hydrothermal carbonization of lignocellulosic biomass for carbon rich material preparation: a review. Biomass Bioenerg, 2019, 130

KimJ, ParkJ, LeeJ, LimWG, JoC, LeeJ. Biomass-derived P, N Self-doped hard carbon as bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst and anode material for seawater batteries. Adv Funct Mater, 2021, 31(22): 2010882

KuoH-C, LiuS-H, LinY-G, ChiangC-L, TsangDC. Synthesis of FeCo–N@ N-doped carbon oxygen reduction catalysts via microwave-assisted ammoxidation. Catal Sci Technol, 2020, 10(12): 3949-3958

LiF, XueM, KnowlesGP, ChenL, MacFarlaneDR, ZhangJ. Porous nitrogen–doped carbon derived from biomass for electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO. Electrochim Acta, 2017, 245: 561-568

LiW, LiuY, WuM, FengX, RedfernSA, ShangY, et al. . Carbon-quantum-dots-loaded ruthenium nanoparticles as an efficient electrocatalyst for hydrogen production in alkaline media. Adv Mater, 2018, 30(31): 1800676

LiY, GaoT, YaoY, LiuZ, KuangY, ChenC, et al. . In situ “Chainmail Catalyst” assembly in low-tortuosity, hierarchical carbon frameworks for efficient and stable hydrogen generation. Adv Energy Mater, 2018, 8(25): 1801289

LiXG, GuanBY, GaoSY, LouXW. A general dual-templating approach to biomass-derived hierarchically porous heteroatom-doped carbon materials for enhanced electrocatalytic oxygen reduction. Energy Environ Sci, 2019, 12(2): 648-655

LiT, ZhiD-D, GuoZ-H, LiJ-Z, ChenY, MengF-B. 3D porous biomass-derived carbon materials: biomass sources, controllable transformation and microwave absorption application. Green Chem, 2022, 24(2): 647-674

LiuDQ, ShadikeZ, LinRQ, QianK, LiH, LiKK, et al. . Review of recent development of in situ/operando characterization techniques for lithium battery research. Adv Mater, 2019, 31(28): 1806620

LiuK, MoR, DongW, ZhaoW, HuangF. Nature-derived, structure and function integrated ultra-thick carbon electrode for high-performance supercapacitors. J Mater Chem A, 2020, 8(38): 20072-20081

LiuW, LiuPC, MitlinD. Tutorial review on structure—dendrite growth relations in metal battery anode supports. Chem Soc Rev, 2020, 49(20): 7284-7300

LiuJ, ZhangJ, ZhouH, LiuB, DongH, LinX, et al. . Lignin-derived carbon-supported MoC–FeNi heterostructure as efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction. J Colloid Interface Sci, 2023, 629: 822-831

LongHW, ZengW, WangH, QianMM, LiangYH, WangZC. Self-assembled biomolecular 1D nanostructures for aqueous sodium-ion battery. Adv Sci, 2018, 5(3): 1700634

LuoL, ZhouY, YanW, WuX, WangS, ZhaoW. Two-step synthesis of B and N co-doped porous carbon composites by microwave-assisted hydrothermal and pyrolysis process for supercapacitor application. Electrochim Acta, 2020, 360

LvW, LiZ, DengY, YangQ-H, KangF. Graphene-based materials for electrochemical energy storage devices: opportunities and challenges. Energy Storage Mater, 2016, 2: 107-138

LyuL, SeongK-d, KoD, ChoiJ, LeeC, HwangT, et al. . Recent development of biomass-derived carbons and composites as electrode materials for supercapacitors. Mater Chem Front, 2019, 3(12): 2543-2570

MaL-L, LiuW-J, HuX, LamPK, ZengJR, YuH-Q. Ionothermal carbonization of biomass to construct sp2/sp3 carbon interface in N-doped biochar as efficient oxygen reduction electrocatalysts. Chem Eng J, 2020, 400

MaLL, HuX, LiuWJ, LiHC, LamPKS, ZengRJX, et al. . Constructing N, P-dually doped biochar materials from biomass wastes for high-performance bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts. Chemosphere, 2021, 278

MaXY, DuJJ, SunH, YeFH, WangX, XuPF, et al. . Boron, nitrogen co-doped carbon with abundant mesopores for efficient CO2 electroreduction. Appl Catal B-Environ, 2021, 298

MiaoM, ZuoSL, ZhaoYY, WangYF, XiaHA, TanC, et al. . Selective oxidation rapidly decomposes biomass-based activated carbons into graphite-like crystallites. Carbon, 2018, 140: 504-507

MuhyuddinM, FriedmanA, PoliF, PetriE, HonigH, BasileF, et al. . Lignin-derived bimetallic platinum group metal-free oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysts for acid and alkaline fuel cells. J Power Sources, 2023, 556

NgoQT, OmelianovychO, NguyenVT, AhnBT, LeeKB, LeeGJ, et al. . An economically sustainable bifunctional Ni@C catalyst in a solar-to-hydrogen device employing a CIGS submodule. J Mater Chem A, 2021, 9(42): 23828-23840

NguyenVT, TranQC, QuangND, NguyenNA, BuiVT, DaoVD, et al. . N-doped Cdot/PtPd nanonetwork hybrid materials as highly efficient electrocatalysts for methanol oxidation and formic acid oxidation reactions. J Alloy Compd, 2018, 766: 979-986

NguyenVT, NguyenNA, AliY, TranQC, ChoiHS. Graphene dot armored PtMo nanosponge as a highly efficient and stable electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reactions in both acidic and alkaline media. Carbon, 2019, 146: 116-124

NguyenNA, AliY, NguyenVT, OmelianovychO, LarinaLL, ChoiHS. NiCoPt/graphene-dot nanosponge as a highly stable electrocatalyst for efficient hydrogen evolution reaction in acidic electrolyte. J Alloy Compd, 2020, 849

NguyenV-T, HaH, NguyenN-A, AnH, KimHY, ChoiH-S. In situ engineering of Pd nanosponge armored with graphene dots using Br–toward high-performance and stable electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2020, 12(13): 15500-15506

NguyenVT, LeeGJ, NgoQT, OmelianovychO, NguyenNA, TrinhVH, et al. . Robust carbon-encapsulated Ni nanoparticles as high-performance electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction in highly acidic media. Electrochim Acta, 2021, 398

Ortiz-HerreraJC, Cruz-MartínezH, Solorza-FeriaO, MedinaDI. Recent progress in carbon nanotubes support materials for Pt-based cathode catalysts in PEM fuel cells. Int J Hydrogen Energ, 2022, 47(70): 30213-30224

OuyangJ, ZhouL, LiuZ, HengJY, ChenW. Biomass-derived activated carbons for the removal of pharmaceutical mircopollutants from wastewater: a review. Sep Purif Technol, 2020, 253

PanH, HuY-S, ChenL. Room-temperature stationary sodium-ion batteries for large-scale electric energy storage. Energy Environ Sci, 2013, 6(8): 2338-2360

PangZZ, FuYJ, YuHL, LiuSW, YuST, LiuYX, et al. . Efficient ethanol solvothermal synthesis of high-performance nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots from lignin for metal ion nanosensing and cell imaging. Ind Crop Prod, 2022, 183

ParkS, JaeJ, FarooqA, KwonEE, ParkED, HaJM, et al. . Continuous pyrolysis of organosolv lignin and application of biochar on gasification of high density polyethylene. Appl Energ, 2019, 255

PavkoL, GataloM, FinsgarM, Ruiz-ZepedaF, EhelebeK, KaiserP, et al. . Graphene-derived carbon support boosts proton exchange membrane fuel cell catalyst stability. Acs Catal, 2022, 12(15): 9540-9548

PenaJ, VillotA, GerenteC. Pyrolysis chars and physically activated carbons prepared from buckwheat husks for catalytic purification of syngas. Biomass Bioenerg, 2020, 132

PengY, ZhangF, ZhangY, LuoX, ChenL, ShiY. N, S-Doped hollow carbon nanosheet-encapsulated Co 9 S 8 nanoparticles as a highly efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for rechargeable zinc–air batteries. Dalton Trans, 2022, 51(33): 12630-12640

PhattharasupakunN, WutthipromJ, MaN, ChanlekN, SawangphrukM. Sodium-ion diffusion and charge transfer kinetics of sodium-ion hybrid capacitors using bio-derived hierarchical porous carbon. Electrochim Acta, 2018, 286: 55-64

PrahasD, KartikaY, IndraswatiN, IsmadjiS. Activated carbon from jackfruit peel waste by H3PO4 chemical activation: pore structure and surface chemistry characterization. Chem Eng J, 2008, 140(1–3): 32-42

PuthusseriD, AravindanV, MadhaviS, OgaleS. 3D micro-porous conducting carbon beehive by single step polymer carbonization for high performance supercapacitors: the magic of in situ porogen formation. Energy Environ Sci, 2014, 7(2): 728-735

SahooSS, VijayVK, ChandraR, KumarH. Production and characterization of biochar produced from slow pyrolysis of pigeon pea stalk and bamboo. Clean Eng Technol, 2021, 3

SekarM, MathimaniT, AlagumalaiA, ChiNTL, DucPA, BhatiaSK, et al. . A review on the pyrolysis of algal biomass for biochar and bio-oil–Bottlenecks and scope. Fuel, 2021, 283

SekarS, SimDH, LeeS. Excellent electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction performances of partially graphitized activated-carbon nanobundles derived from biomass human hair wastes. Nanomaterials, 2022, 12(3): 531

SevillaM, FuertesAB. A general and facile synthesis strategy towards highly porous carbons: carbonization of organic salts. J Mater Chem A, 2013, 1(44): 13738-13741

SevillaM, FuertesAB. A green approach to high-performance supercapacitor electrodes: the chemical activation of hydrochar with potassium bicarbonate. Chemsuschem, 2016, 9(14): 1880-1888

SevillaM, DíezN, FuertesAB. More sustainable chemical activation strategies for the production of porous carbons. Chemsuschem, 2021, 14(1): 94-117

ShaikhNS, UbaleSB, ManeVJ, ShaikhJS, LokhandeVC, PraserthdamS, et al. . Novel electrodes for supercapacitor: conducting polymers, metal oxides, chalcogenides, carbides, nitrides, MXenes, and their composites with graphene. J Alloy Compd, 2022, 893

ShakerM, GhazviniAAS, CaoW, RiahifarR, GeQ. Biomass-derived porous carbons as supercapacitor electrodes–a review. New Carbon Mater, 2021, 36(3): 546-572

SharmaPP, WuJ, YadavRM, LiuM, WrightCJ, TiwaryCS, et al. . Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube arrays for high-efficiency electrochemical reduction of CO2: on the understanding of defects, defect density, and selectivity. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2015, 54(46): 13701-13705

SimonP, GogotsiY, DunnB. Where do batteries end and supercapacitors begin?. Science, 2014, 343(6176): 1210-1211

SlaterMD, KimD, LeeE, JohnsonCS. Sodium-ion batteries. Adv Funct Mater, 2013, 23(8): 947-958

SongM, SongY, LiH, LiuP, XuB, WeiH, et al. . Sucrose leavening-induced hierarchically porous carbon enhanced the hydrogen evolution reaction performance of Pt nanoparticles. Electrochim Acta, 2019, 320

SongML, TaoX, WuYQ, QingY, TianCH, XuH, et al. . Boosting oxygen evolution activity of NiFe layered double hydroxide through interface engineering assisted with naturally-hierarchical wood. Chem Eng J, 2021, 421

SongM, DengS, QingY, HuangY, LuoS, LiaoY, et al. . In-situ decomposition of hydrocarbons from wood cell wall enables configuration of highly active and hierarchical catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction. J Alloy Compd, 2023, 934

SunF, GaoJ, PiX, WangL, YangY, QuZ, et al. . High performance aqueous supercapacitor based on highly nitrogen-doped carbon nanospheres with unimodal mesoporosity. J Power Sources, 2017, 337: 189-196

SunJF, GuoLZ, SunX, GaoMM, ZhangJY, LiangLW, et al. . Green bio-template fabrication of Fe Derivatives@Carbon composites and porous carbon sheets toward advanced li-ion capacitors as low-cost electrodes. Acs Appl Energ Mater, 2020, 3(7): 7159-7166

SunH, YangL, HuE, FengM, FanC, WangW, et al. . Rose-like VS2 nanosheets chemically anchored on carbon nanotubes for flexible zinc-ion batteries with enhanced properties. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2022, 14(35): 40247-40256

SunY, ShiXL, YangYL, SuoGQ, ZhangL, LuSY, et al. . Biomass-derived carbon for high-performance batteries: from structure to properties. Adv Funct Mater, 2022, 32(24): 2201584

TaoS, FengT, ZhengC, ZhuS, YangB. Carbonized polymer dots: a brand new perspective to recognize luminescent carbon-based nanomaterials. J Phys Chem Lett, 2019, 10(17): 5182-5188

TzadikovJ, AmsellemM, AmlaniH, BarrioJ, AzoulayA, VolokhM, et al. . Coordination-directed growth of transition-metal–crystalline-carbon composites with controllable metal composition. Angew Chem, 2019, 131(42): 15106-15110

WangYH, LiuJL, WangYF, Al-EniziAM, ZhengGF. Tuning of CO reduction selectivity on metal electrocatalysts. Small, 2017, 13(43): 1701809

WangCJ, WuDP, WangHJ, GaoZY, XuF, JiangK. A green and scalable route to yield porous carbon sheets from biomass for supercapacitors with high capacity. J Mater Chem A, 2018, 6(3): 1244-1254

WangX, VasileffA, JiaoY, ZhengY, QiaoSZ. Electronic and structural engineering of carbon-based metal-free electrocatalysts for water splitting. Adv Mater, 2019, 31(13): 1803625

WangF, CheongJY, HeQ, DuanG, HeS, ZhangL, et al. . Phosphorus-doped thick carbon electrode for high-energy density and long-life supercapacitors. Chem Eng J, 2021, 414

WangF, CheongJY, LeeJ, AhnJ, DuanG, ChenH, et al. . Pyrolysis of enzymolysis-treated wood: hierarchically assembled porous carbon electrode for advanced energy storage devices. Adv Funct Mater, 2021, 31(31): 2101077

WangKX, YangJT, LiuWD, YangH, YiWM, SunYM, et al. . Self-nitrogen-doped carbon materials derived from microalgae by lipid extraction pretreatment: highly efficient catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction. Sci Total Environ, 2022, 821: 153155

WeberK, QuickerP. Properties of biochar. Fuel, 2018, 217: 240-261

WuJJ, YadavRM, LiuMJ, SharmaPP, TiwaryCS, MaLL, et al. . Achieving Highly Efficient, Selective, and Stable CO₂ Reduction on Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotubes. ACS Nano, 2015, 9(5): 5364-5371

WuF, YangK, LiQ, ShahTR, AhmadM, ZhangQY, et al. . Biomass-derived 3D magnetic porous carbon fibers with a helical/chiral structure toward superior microwave absorption. Carbon, 2021, 173: 918-931

WuY, CaoJP, ZhuangQQ, ZhaoXY, ZhouZ, WeiYL, et al. . Biomass-derived three-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon network for symmetric supercapacitors with ultra-high energy density in ionic liquid electrolyte. Electrochim Acta, 2021, 371

XiaoX, ChenB, ChenZ, ZhuL, SchnoorJL. Insight into multiple and multilevel structures of biochars and their potential environmental applications: a critical review. Environ Sci Technol, 2018, 52(9): 5027-5047

XieLJ, TangC, BiZH, SongMX, FanYF, YanC, et al. . Hard carbon anodes for next-generation Li-ion batteries: review and perspective. Adv Energy Mater, 2021, 11(38): 2101650

XiongX, IrisK, CaoL, TsangDC, ZhangS, OkYS. A review of biochar-based catalysts for chemical synthesis, biofuel production, and pollution control. Biores Technol, 2017, 246: 254-270

XuZL, KimJK, KangK. Carbon nanomaterials for advanced lithium sulfur batteries. Nano Today, 2018, 19: 84-107

YahyaMA, Al-QodahZ, NgahCZ. Agricultural bio-waste materials as potential sustainable precursors used for activated carbon production: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 2015, 46: 218-235

YanH, DongY, CaiL, PanF, LuW. Construction of 1D biomass-derived tubular carbon fiber/Ni nanoparticles composite for broadband and lightweight microwave absorbers. Carbon, 2022, 200: 317-326

YangD-P, LiZ, LiuM, ZhangX, ChenY, XueH, et al. . Biomass-derived carbonaceous materials: recent progress in synthetic approaches, advantages, and applications. ACS Sustain Chem Eng, 2019, 7(5): 4564-4585

YangX, NgW, WongBSE, BaegGH, WangC-H, OkYS. Characterization and ecotoxicological investigation of biochar produced via slow pyrolysis: effect of feedstock composition and pyrolysis conditions. J Hazard Mater, 2019, 365: 178-185

YangI, JungM, KimM-S, ChoiD, JungJC. Physical and chemical activation mechanisms of carbon materials based on the microdomain model. J Mater Chem A, 2021, 9(15): 9815-9825

ZhanD, YuanXQ, XiangCL, LuJ, DaiGP, HuRF, et al. . Facile route to biomass-derived 1D carbon fiber supported high-performance MnO-based nanocomposite anode material. Sustain Mater Technol, 2021, 29

ZhangH. Ultrathin two-dimensional nanomaterials. ACS Nano, 2015, 9(10): 9451-9469

ZhangJ, ZhangM, ZengY, ChenJ, QiuL, ZhouH, et al. . Single Fe atom on hierarchically porous S, N-codoped nanocarbon derived from porphyra enable boosted oxygen catalysis for rechargeable Zn-air batteries. Small, 2019, 15(24): 1900307

ZhangL, PanJ, LiuL, SongK, WangQ. Combined physical and chemical activation of sludge-based adsorbent enhances Cr (VI) removal from wastewater. J Clean Prod, 2019, 238

ZhangZ, ZhuZ, ShenB, LiuL. Insights into biochar and hydrochar production and applications: a review. Energy, 2019, 171: 581-598

ZhangC, XieZ, YangW, LiangY, MengD, HeX, et al. . NiCo2O4/biomass-derived carbon composites as anode for high-performance lithium ion batteries. J Power Sources, 2020, 451

ZhangHD, MinSX, WangF, ZhangZG, KongC. Efficient electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction to CO with high selectivity using a N-doped carbonized wood membrane. New J Chem, 2020, 44(16): 6125-6129

ZhangW, ShiJ, DuanM, TongX, ZhouD, ChenJ, et al. . Co3O4 on Fe, N doped bio-carbon substrate for electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction. Eur J Inorg Chem, 2020, 40: 3869-3876

ZhangW, YangY, XiaR, LiY, ZhaoJ, LinL, et al. . Graphene-quantum-dots-induced MnO2 with needle-like nanostructure grown on carbonized wood as advanced electrode for supercapacitors. Carbon, 2020, 162: 114-123

ZhaoG, ChenC, YuD, SunL, YangC, ZhangH, et al. . One-step production of ONS co-doped three-dimensional hierarchical porous carbons for high-performance supercapacitors. Nano Energy, 2018, 47: 547-555

ZhaoZP, LiuZY, ZhangA, YanXX, XueW, PengBS, et al. . Graphene-nanopocket-encaged PtCo nanocatalysts for highly durable fuel cell operation under demanding ultralow-Pt-loading conditions. Nat Nanotechnol, 2022, 17(9): 968

ZhouY, LengY, ZhouW, HuangJ, ZhaoM, ZhanJ, et al. . Sulfur and nitrogen self-doped carbon nanosheets derived from peanut root nodules as high-efficiency non-metal electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction. Nano Energy, 2015, 16: 357-366

ZhouJ, GuoY, LiangC, YangJ, WangJ, NuliY. Confining small sulfur molecules in peanut shell-derived microporous graphitic carbon for advanced lithium sulfur battery. Electrochim Acta, 2018, 273: 127-135

ZhouJ, ZhangS, ZhouY-N, TangW, YangJ, PengC, et al. . Biomass-derived carbon materials for high-performance supercapacitors: current status and perspective. Electrochem Energy Rev, 2021, 4: 219-248

ZhuZY, XuZ. The rational design of biomass-derived carbon materials towards next-generation energy storage: a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev, 2020, 134

Funding

National Research Foundation of Korea(2022R1C1C1011570)