Conversion of biochar into sulfonate-bearing solid acids used for the hydrolysis of tylosin: the effect of aromaticity and degree of condensation
Qianqian Xie, Xiao Yang, Binoy Sarkar, Xiaomin Dou, Piumi Amasha Withana, Yong Sik Ok
Biochar ›› 2023, Vol. 5 ›› Issue (1) : 0.
Conversion of biochar into sulfonate-bearing solid acids used for the hydrolysis of tylosin: the effect of aromaticity and degree of condensation
| • | Effects of aromatic, condensation and topology of condensed ring in biochar on their sulfonation ability were revealed |
| • | The total acidity of sulfonated biochar was positively correlated with its hydrolytic ability for tolysin mitigation |
| • | Low aromaticity, low degree of condensation and abundant edge sites led to high acidity and enhanced catalytic ability |
In the last few decades, sulfonated carbon materials have garnered significant attention as Brønsted solid acid catalysts. The sulfonation process and catalytic activity of sulfonated biochar can be influenced by the aromaticity and degree of condensation exhibited by biochar. However, the relationships between the aromaticity, sulfonating ability, and resultant catalytic activity are not fully understood. In this study, biochar samples pyrolyzed at 300–650 °C exhibiting different aromaticity and degrees of condensation were sulfonated and employed as sulfonate-bearing solid catalysts for hydrolytically removing tylosin. They exhibited excellent hydrolytic performance and their kinetic constants were positively correlated with the total acidity and negatively correlated with their aromaticity. This study has uncovered the relationship between the structure, properties, sulfonating ability, and subsequent hydrolytic performance of biochar samples. It was observed that the aromaticity of biochar decreased as the pyrolysis temperature increased. Lower pyrolysis temperatures resulted in a reduced degree of condensation, smaller ring size, and an increased number of ring edge sites available for sulfonation, ultimately leading to enhanced catalytic performance. These findings provide valuable insights into the fundamental chemistry behind sulfonation upgrading of biochar, with the aim of developing functional catalysts for mitigating antibiotics in contaminated water.
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