Objective: To collate and summarize phenotypic insecticide susceptibility data of Indian malaria vectors from 2017 to 2024, focusing on insecticides used in adult vector control, dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane, malathion, deltamethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, and permethrin to identify resistance patterns to different classes of insecticides.

Methods: The data included information on vector species, location of the study (state/district), insecticide tested, mortality percentage, and susceptibility classification based on the World Health Organization interpretation criteria. Retrospective data were collected from peer-reviewed publications (2017-2024) and up to June 2025. The data were collated for five major malaria vector species, namely Anopheles (An.) culicifacies, An. fluviatilis, An. stephensi, An. baimaii, and An. minimus.

Results: Insecticide susceptibility data were available from 86 districts across 16 Indian states for 40615 mosquitoes. The majority of the data was on An. culicifacies (n=28308), followed by An. stephensi (n=5 611), An. fluviatilis (n=5967), An. baimaii (n=365), and An. minimus (n=364). Intensity bioassays revealed low to moderate resistance levels in An. culicifacies populations from selected districts in 3 states, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh against deltamethrin and alpha-cypermethrin.

Conclusions: This review highlights spatial and species-level variations in insecticide susceptibility among Indian malaria vectors. The low to moderate intensity suggested that it may not yet be severe enough to cause operational failure with current vector control interventions. Continued monitoring of insecticide resistance, as well as the use of new-generation insecticides and interventions, is suggested to sustain vector control efficacy and manage insecticide resistance in malaria vectors to support India’s malaria elimination.

Objective: To assess knowledge levels regarding seasonal influenza and its vaccine among high-risk Malaysian urban dwellers and identify factors associated with both knowledge acquisition and vaccination behavior.

Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted between April-July 2024 in two urban communities in Malaysia. High-risk participants (n=390) including adults ≥65 years or aged 18+ with chronic illnesses, were recruited through convenience sampling from public areas. Knowledge was assessed using a validated 12-item questionnaire (Cronbach's α=0.977), categorized as good (7-12 points) or poor (0-6 points). Primary outcomes included knowledge scores, vaccination uptake rates, and associated demographic and clinical factors. Multivariate logistic regression identified independent predictors of good knowledge and vaccination behavior.

Results: A total of 390 respondents were included in this study The mean age of the respondents were (58.4±12.7) years, and the majority of them were aged 65 or above (113/390, 29.0%), males (212/390, 54.4%), and of Chinese ethnicity (363/390, 93.1%). Though 68.7% (268/390; 95% CI 63.9%-73.2%) demonstrated good influenza knowledge, only 12.1% (47/390; 95% CI 9.0%-15.8%) received annual vaccination. Independent predictors of good knowledge included female sex (aOR 1.65, 95% CI 1.04-2.62, P=0.034), tertiary education (aOR 8.76, 95% CI 2.79-27.51, P<0.001), diabetes (aOR 2.68, 95% CI 1.07-6.69, P=0.035), and vaccination history (aOR 1.89, 95% CI 1.09-3.28, P=0.024). Only 24.4% (95/390) respondents received physician vaccination recommendations. Social media constituted the primary information source (34.6% vs. 24.4% from physicians).

Conclusions: A substantial knowledge-behavior gap exists in influenza vaccination among high-risk Malaysian adults. Despite good knowledge levels, vaccination rates remain critically low, highlighting that knowledge alone is insufficient to drive vaccination behavior. Low physician recommendation rates represent a critical missed opportunity for prevention. Healthcare system interventions focusing on provider education, systematic vaccination recommendations, and evidence-based social media campaigns are essential to improve vaccination coverage in high-risk populations.

Objective: To evaluate and compare the quality of life (QoL) in patients with multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) and drug-sensitive (DS-TB) as well as to investigate factors associated with QoL among MDR-TB patients in real-world scenarios at the Haji Hospital, Surabaya.

Methods: We conducted a case-control study from June to December 2024. MDR-TB and DS-TB patients were classified into case and control groups, respectively. We used the World Health Organization’s Quality of Life Brief (WHOQOL-BREF) instrument and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) to assess QoL and depression levels, respectively. Multivariate analysis was used to analyze factors associated with QoL of patients with MDR-TB.

Results: Forty-one patients with MDR-TB and 43 with DS-TB were enrolled in the study. A mean score for all domains (physical, psychological, social relationship, environmental) and total mean score of WHOQOL-BREF was significantly lower in MDR-TB than those with DS-TB (P<0.05). The prevalence of depression and the mean score of PHQ-9 were significantly higher in MDR-TB than in DS-TB (P<0.05). PHQ-9 negatively correlates with the WHOQOL-BREF score (r=-0.502, P<0.05) among MDR-TB patients. MDR-TB patients with depression were significantly associated with low QoL in the physical (OR 3.611; 95% CI 2.393-6.951; P=0.029), psychological (OR 1.672; 95% CI 1.179-5.941; P=0.021), social relationship (OR 2.586; 95% CI 1.611-2.909; P=0.014), and environmental domains (OR 1.926; 95% CI 1.047-2.147; P=0.048).

Conclusions: MDR-TB patients had worse QoL than DS-TB. Those with depression were associated with low QoL. Strategies that identify and tackle alterations in the QoL for MDR-TB patients are necessary during TB treatment.

Rationale: Fereydounia (F.) khargensis is a novel yeast species identified in 2014 from environmental samples and has emerged as a rare pathogen causing human infections.

Patient concerns: A 61-year-old male with end-stage renal failure on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, who presented with generalized abdominal pain, turbid dialysate and fever.

Diagnosis: Peritoneal fluid culture revealed the presence of yeast cells. F. khargensis was identified by polymerase chain reaction method.

Interventions: Removal of Tenckhoff catheter and intravenous fluconazole.

Outcomes: He succumbed after two weeks of hospitalization.

Lessons: This case report highlights the significance of a rare fungal pathogen, F. khargensis, which has been implicated in the mortality of an immunocompromised patient. Due to its rarity, F. khargensis poses significant challenges associated with its identification and has profound implications for clinical practice.