The periodic outbreak of mosquito-borne diseases like dengue fever, zika fever, and yellow fever all over the world highlights the need for effective mosquito control methods targeting the biological system. Due to the lack of therapeutic measures, preventive treatments or vaccines against pathogens, insecticide resistance eventually lead the research focus towards novel technological applications in mosquito management. Nanomaterials with ovicidal, larvicidal, adulticidal, and repellent properties for controlling mosquito vectors are under research. A literature search was carried out for advancements in nanomaterials, insecticides, and mosquito control in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science. This paper aims to provide insights into various nanomaterials relevant to mosquito-borne diseases, in vivo and in vitro toxicity evaluation against mosquito species, mode of action, effect on non-target organisms, and ecological risks. Organic and inorganic materials that provide controlled release, target delivery, less dosage, prolonged efficacy, a reduction in the use of organic solvents and emulsifiers, and minimum pollution to the environment have already been explored. Indeed, further research on the ecological risk and economic feasibility of nanomaterials in mosquitocidal applications should be done prior to commercialization.

Acute lung injury is featured as diffuse pulmonary edema and persistent hypoxemia caused by lung or systemic injury. It is believed that these pathological changes are associated with damage to the alveolar epithelium and vascular endothelium, recruitment of inflammatory cells, and inflammatory factor storms. In recent years, the metabolic reprogramming of lung parenchymal cells and immune cells, particularly alterations in glycolysis, has been found to occur in acute lung injury. Inhibition of glycolysis can reduce the severity of acute lung injury. Thus, this review focuses on the interconnection between acute lung injury and glycolysis and the mechanisms of interaction, which may bring hope for the treatment of acute lung injury.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of group B Streptococcus (GBS) isolated from non-pregnant adults from seven major hospitals in Peninsular Malaysia; the incidence, case-fatality ratio, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, serotype, genotype and distribution of the GBS virulence and pili genes are also investigated.

Methods: This multicentre, prospective, observational study is conducted in seven major tertiary hospitals in Malaysia among non-pregnant adults. Simultaneously, a retrospective study is conducted in the selected hospitals with similar approaches. GBS isolates are subjected to phenotyping, serotyping by multiplex PCR, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and PCR-detection of GBS virulence and pilus genes. Seven housekeeping genes are amplified and sequenced for multi-locus sequence typing.

Discussion: Findings from the study may contribute to the management of clinical practice to diagnose and prevent GBS related diseases in a timely manner. Prudent use of antibiotics is encouraged by monitoring antimicrobial resistance.

Objective: To assess the prevalence of Mycobacterium (M.) tuberculosis infection and its associated risks in children under fifteen years of age.

Methods: Based on secondary data from the 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Survey (RISKESDAS 2018), this cross-sectional study employed M. tuberculosis infection in children as a dependent variable and age level, sex, region, location, family case positive, and smoking as independent variables. Geospatial analysis was applied to show the prevalence of M. tuberculosis infection and multivariate regression was performed to analyze the risk factors of getting the infection among children under 15 years of age.

Results: Prevalence ranges of M. tuberculosis infection among children aged 0-14 years, babies (age <12 months), toddlers (age 12-59 months), and children aged between 5 and 14 years were 0.03% to 0.57%, 0% to 0.64%, 0% to 0.78%, and 0.01% to 0.53%, respectively in Indonesia. A high prevalence of M. tuberculosis infection among children under 15 years of age was found in Papua and other provinces, such as Kalimantan and Java. Contacting with tuberculosis family members was positively associated with M. tuberculosis infection in children as shown by multivariate logistic regression (OR 8.94; 95% CI 5.4-14.6, P<0.05).

Conclusions: Contacting with family member who has tuberculosis is related with M. tuberculosis infection among children in Indonesia. Therefore, screening the household for contact with tuberculosis patients is a preventive treatment for children.

Objective: To explore the association between the Lung Immune Prognostic Index (LIPI) and 1-year all-cause mortality in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy related interstitial lung disease (IIM-ILD).

Methods: Patients who were diagnosed with IIM-ILD at West China Hospital, Sichuan University from January 2008 to December 2021 were retrospectively included and categorized into three groups based on LIPI. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were conducted to explore potential association between the LIPI and patients' mortality.

Results: A total of 1116 patients were screened, and 830 were included in this study. The multivariable Cox analysis showed that, compared with patients with poor LIPI, the hazard ratio (HR) for all-cause 1-year mortality was 0.22 (95% CI 0.05-0.93, P=0.04) for patients in the good LIPI group (LDH<250 IU/L and dNLR<3). After excluding patients lost to follow-up within one year, a similar result was found for LIPI (HR 0.20, 95% CI 0.05-0.86; P=0.03).

Conclusions: Good LIPI was independently associated with decreased risk of all-cause 1-year mortality in patients with IIM-ILD. This easy-to-obtain index might be served as a potential marker for assessing the prognosis of IIM-ILD.