Asthma is a heterogeneous pulmonary disease characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and chronic inflammation, and affects from 1% to 29% of the population in different countries. The pathogenesis of this disease is multifaceted; in addition to the crucial role of the immune system, its development involves environmental and genetic factors. Asthma is manifested by wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness, and characteristic of this disease is that symptoms vary over time and in intensity. Studies have suggested that the special communication, lung-brain axis, has a potential role in the course of pulmonary diseases, including asthma. This term relates to the bidirectional relationship between the brain and the lung, which has communication comprising the central and peripheral nervous systems, the endocrine system, the immunological systems, and microbiota. These elements cooperate to create a complex system of bilateral interactions between the lung and the central nervous system. Our aim of this article was to summarize and organize knowledge about the role of the lung-brain axis during asthma exacerbation, a state which is defined as the worsening of a patient’s symptoms and lung function parameters over a defined period.

To support the study of Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) regulatory mechanisms on cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), we studied a possibility with a web-based bioinformatics module that enables researchers to identify putative KLF2-binding promoter regions in genomic DNA sequences. After a KLF2 protein structure with C₂H₂ zinc finger domain and binding-site analysis, we successfully set up a tool to integrate Python-based sequence parsing and motif identification routines to locate CACCC motifs near potential start codons (e.g., ATG) across reading frames associated with key CTL genes such as TNF-α and IFN-γ. The tool supports visualization and sequence upload functionality through a static website interface, making it accessible for researchers and clinicians investigating KLF2-mediated transcriptional control in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). This work supplements our primary study on spatial-temporal regulatory networks involved in TIL reactivation by KLF2 down-regulation.

Despite the success of single-target antigen CART therapy against CD19, there are certain limitations that need to be investigated properly to build a universal treatment for hematologic cancer. Other than CD19, there have been many reports on CD30 and CD20, which are also clinically relevant in different types of hematologic malignancies, but no reports have been published yet that target both antigens as bispecific targets on a single cell. Therefore, we developed a tandem receptor that targets dual antigens with a single receptor and likely reduces tumor marker escape mutations. In this study, we employed a gene editing strategy to disrupt TCRs and a target-specific integration of CAR receptors into T cells to develop a novel CAR model to address tumor-off-target limitations.

Omenn syndrome is a rare form of severe combined immunodeficiency characterized by immune dysregulation, recurrent infections, erythroderma, eosinophilia, and failure to thrive. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) remains the definitive treatment; however, outcomes are particularly challenging in patients with active severe infections before transplantation. Here, we report the case of a female infant who presented with persistent diarrhea and recurrent otitis media at 2 months of age and was diagnosed at 3 months with genetically confirmed Omenn syndrome caused by a homozygous pathogenic RAG1 variant ( c.1187G>A; p.Arg396His). Her clinical course was complicated by recurrent multidrug-resistant bacterial bloodstream infections, Candida auris fungemia, acute kidney injury, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and respiratory failure requiring pediatric intensive care admission. Because she was clinically unstable for conventional conditioning chemotherapy, she underwent unconditioned matched unrelated donor peripheral blood stem cell transplantation at 8 months of age. Despite persistent mixed donor chimerism and absent B-cell engraftment, she demonstrated progressive donor-derived T-cell recovery, normalization of CD4/CD8 ratio, resolution of recurrent infections, and sustained clinical stability. To our knowledge, reports describing unconditioned matched unrelated donor HSCT in genetically confirmed Omenn syndrome complicated by multidrug-resistant bacterial infections and Candida auris fungemia remain extremely limited. This case highlights that unconditioned HSCT may provide clinically meaningful immune reconstitution when standard conditioning is not feasible.

Background and aims: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) remains a major cause of healthcare-associated infections worldwide, frequently progressing to bacteremia, and with high mortality rates, particularly in patients with recurrent or persistent infections involving skin/soft tissue and the bloodstream. Traditional antibiotic therapies are increasingly limited by MDR and immune evasion mechanisms. This review synthesized host immune transcriptomic changes during MRSA infections and evaluated the clinical translational potential of next-generation vaccines developed after 2020. Methods: Relevant searches were conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science (2020–2025) using combinations of terms related to MRSA, host immune gene expression, transcriptomics, scRNA-seq, and next-generation vaccines. Eligible studies included original research and reviews reporting primary data on immune transcriptomics or vaccine immunogenicity/protective efficacy in MRSA infections. Results: MRSA infection triggers strong innate immune activation (TLR2/NOD2 signaling, IL-1β/IL-6/TNF-α upregulation) and heterogeneous macrophage polarization (M1 proinflammatory vs. M2 immunosuppressive phenotypes), alongside adaptive Th1/Th17 responses that are undermined by superantigens, IL-10 hypersecretion, and PD-1-mediated exhaustion. Multivalent mRNA-LNP vaccines encoding ClfA- Hla- IsdB fusions induce strong Th1/Th17 immunity, ~80% opsonophagocytic killing activity, 90% reduction in bacterial load, and 75% survival in murine sepsis models. Conclusion: This review demonstrated that integrating scRNA-seq-derived macrophage polarization biomarkers with next-generation mRNA and nanoparticle vaccine platforms offers a promising precision medicine strategy to counter MRSA immune evasion. These approaches may substantially reduce infection recurrence and complications in high-risk patients, paving the way for clinically effective vaccines in the era of antimicrobial resistance.