Ligand-dependent aggregation-enhanced photoacoustic of atomically precise metal nanocluster

Abstract

Atomically precise metal nanoclusters (MNCs), as a potential type of photoacoustic (PA) contrast agent, are limited in application due to their low PA conversion efficiency (PACE). Here, with hydrophilic Au₂₅SR₁₈ (SR = thiolate) as model NCs, we present a result that weakly polar solvent induces aggregation, which effectively enhances PA intensity and PACE. The PA intensity and PACE are highly dependent on the degree of aggregation, while the aggregation-enhanced PA intensity (AEPA) positively correlates to the protected ligands. Such an AEPA phenomenon indicates that aggregation actually accelerates the intramolecular motion of Au NCs, and enlarges the proportion of excited state energy dissipated through vibrational relaxation. This result conflicts with the restriction of intramolecular motion mechanism of aggregation-induced emission. Further experiments show that the increased energy of AEPA originates from the aggregation inhibiting the intermolecular energy transfer from excited Au NCs to their surrounding medium molecules, including solvent molecule and dissolved oxygen, rather than restricting radiative relaxations. This study develops a new strategy for enhancing the PA intensity of Au NCs, and contributes to a deeper understanding of the origin of the PA signal and the excited state energy dissipation processes for MNCs.

Keywords

aggregation-enhanced photoacoustic / gold nanocluster / intermolecular excited state energy transfer / intramolecular motion / ligand effect

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